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Furuyama Moromasa 古山師政

Ukiyoe-Master of the Edo period, dates unknown.

- quote
古山師重の子。姓は古山、名は新七郎（一説には新九郎とも）。
月々堂、文志、文翅と号す。はじめは菱川昌則と称した。江戸両国の江市長屋に住んでいたと伝わる。『浮世絵類考』の一本には師政について「画法を師宣に学ぶ」と記されているが、「此の人に至りて菱川の画風を失ふ」ともあり、残されている作品を見てもその画風は菱川派ではなく、同じ時代に活躍した奥村政信や石川豊信、上方の西川祐信といった絵師たちの影響を受けているといわれる。従来作画期は宝永から延享の頃にかけてとされていたが、「浮世絵屏風」（今治市河野美術館蔵）の発見により、師政は元禄10年（1697年）前後には菱川派の画風で絵を制作し父師重の代筆をしており、更に元禄14年（1701年）頃には菱川一門を離れたことが判明した。

現在までに大判漆絵、浮絵、墨摺絵、紅絵（柱絵2点、浮絵3点を含む）の他に、多くの肉筆画が確認されている。木版画では特に大判墨摺絵の「吉田街道」、紅絵の「新吉原座舗けんすもふ」はよく知られている。肉筆画の代表作としては「梅下美人図」、「踊りの稽古図」、「巳屋店先図」などがある。
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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Rare Japanese painting by Furuyama Moromasa
discovered in Edinburgh's Central Library collections

Undated photo of a section of a rare Japanese painting by Furuyama Moromasa, made available by City of Edinburgh Council, Scotland Friday Jan. 4, 2013, depicting early 18th century street life which has been discovered in a library's special collections. The 44ft scroll was donated in the 1940s but its significance has only just been realised by experts in Edinburgh. It is believed to be the largest of his works anywhere in the world. Two other examples of his work are held by the British Museum.
The scroll depicts a street scene from Edo, which became Tokyo, showing shops, theatres and domestic life. A funding application has been made to the Japan-based Sumitomo Foundation for conservation funding, with a result expected in March.

The scroll, by Japanese painter Furuyama Moromasa, is over 44ft in length and depicts an extended street scene in C18th Edo, or Tokyo, showing the shops and theatres and domestic detail of life at that time.

Two of Furuyama Moromasa's paintings are currently held by the British Museum, but this is thought to be the largest of his works discovered anywhere in the world.

AP Photo/ City of Edinburgh Council.

- source : artdaily.com/news - June 2015

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. Welcome to Edo 江戸 ! .

- - - #furuyamamoromasa #moromasa- - -
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The death of Nitta Yoshioki at the Yaguchi ferry - 矢ノ口渡合戦にて義興戦死図

The conflict with the Ashikaga clan continued for several decades, and in 1352, Yoshioki ousted Ashikaga Motouji from Kamakura, with the aid of his brother Nitta Yoshimune and cousin Wakiya Yoshiharu. Soon after taking control of the city, however, he was forced out by Ashikaga Takauji. Returning to the countryside of Kozuke and Musashi provinces, Yoshioki continued to fight for some time before being captured by Takezawa Nagahira. He was sentenced to death by the minister of Motouji, Hatakeyama Kunikiyo, and was executed at the age of 28 by drowning in the Tama River at Yaguchi in present-day Ōta ward of Tokyo.

A shrine at 矢口渡 Yaguchi no Watashi, the Nitta Shrine, is dedicated to Yoshioki. He is revered under the name Nitta Daimyōjin (新田大明神).

Yoshioki is the subject of an Edo-period kabuki play by Hiraga Gennai (1728 – 1780) titled Shinrei Yaguchi no Watashi.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

He committed suicide at Yaguchi village, and after that many terrible things happened in the village. The two warlords Edo and Takezawa 江戸 - 竹沢, who had fought against Yoshiaki also died of a curse.
So to appease his soul the shrine 新田神社 Nitta Jinja was erected.

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Nitta Jinja 新田神社

During the Nanboku-cho period, there was a brave and great samurai warrior named Nitta Yoshioki. He was the second son of Nitta Yoshisada. During that time, Japan was divided into North and South and they had repeatedly battled. Nitta Yoshioki fought for the Imperial Southern Court and became famous for being a strong warlord who could win against any kind of large army with his wisdom and bravery. However, he was killed by the enemies through a cowardly attack at the "Yaguchi Ferry." Enemies bored holes in the bottom of Nitta Yoshioki and his retainers' boat and fired off arrows from both banks. (Died on October 10, 1358) The Samurai warriors who engaged in Nitta Yoshioki's killing, was cursed by Yoshiaki's haunt and went crazy and died or saw ghost like fire balls, and lighting hit the place many times. Villagers witnessed these horrific events and decided to build a shrine for Nitta Yoshioki at the site of his death in order for his spirit to rest in peace.

Nitta Shrine is a shrine based on "Goryo Shinko” which is a Japanese belief. Japanese people viewed natural disasters that threatened people and great plagues as the work of evil spirits. Since the power of the spirits is enormously strong, people thought that the evil spirits could adversely save the people from accidents or disasters by enshrining them as a god. The belief was widely spread throughout Japan.

Nitta shrine commemorated the 650th anniversary of its construction in October 2008. The shrine is now well known as the "Good Luck Shrine" and is reverenced by Japanese.

- Homepage of the shrine
- source : nittajinja.org -

. goryoo, onryoo 御霊、怨霊 vengeful spirits .

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- quote -
Kabuki - Shinrei Yaguchi no Watashi
The play "Shinrei Yaguchi no Watashi" was originally written for the puppet theater (Bunraku) and staged in the 1st lunar month of 1770 in Edo at the Gekiza. It was adapted to Kabuki many years later and staged for the first time in the 8th lunar month of 1794 at the Kiriza.

- Summary
During the reign of the Emperor Godaigo, the wicked Ashikaga Takauji attempted to dethrone the Emperor and set up a pretender in his place. A great battle was fought on the Plain of Musashino, near what later became Edo. The commander of the Imperial army was Nitta Yoshioki, a famous soldier. He and his troops fought courageously, but were defeated through the treachery of a man whom Yoshioki believed to be his friend. Yoshioki himself was murdered by this same false friend at Yaguchi, where a ferry crossed the Tama River.
- source : www.kabuki21.com/yaguchi_no_watashi -

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. Nitta Yoshisada 新田義貞　 (1302 - 1338) .

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- Reference - Japanese -

- Reference - English -

. minwa 民話　folktales / densetsu 伝説　Japanese Legends .

. Legends and Tales from Edo江戸の伝説 .

- - - #nittayoshioki - - -
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Carving of a sleeping cat at Nikkō Tōshō-gū

Jingorō was a famous Edo period artist, designer, sculpturer, carpenter, and architect. He was an apprentice for the Chief Architect Hokyo Yoheiji Yusa of the Imperial Court in Kyoto where he studied how to build temples, shrines, and sculptures. After someone cut his right hand, he learned to work with his left hand and became Hidari Jingoroo (Hidari (左) means "left").

Stories about Jingorō are spread in wide regions in Japan.
According to one, he once saw a woman of such exceptional beauty that he made a sculpture of her. Jingorō begins to drink in the company of the sculpture, and it begins to move, following Jingorō's lead. At first it had no emotion and could only imitate Jingorō's movements. However, when he places a mirror in front of the sculpture, the woman's spirit enters and it comes to life.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

Since the cat is watching over the Toshogu shrine compound, even while it is sleeping, there are no mice to worry about.

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CLICK for more of his work !

Tsunagi no Ryu　つなぎの龍 "the Chained Dragon"
秩父夜祭（神社） Chichibu Shrine

The dragon carved by Jingoro came down every night to drink at the pond and caused much damage to the rice paddies.
So it was eventually fixed with a chain.

There are many similar stories, many relating to the dragon, but also to other animals, which come down at night to devastate the crops and cause harm to the local farmers.
(In reality it might have been the wild boars and monkeys . . . as they do it to our day.)

A similar story is told at the temple 最勝寺 in 越生町, Saitama.

A similar story is told at the shrine 大井神社 in 菊川町, Shizuoka.

A similar story is told at the temple 泉福寺 in 桶川市, Saitama.

A similar story is told at the temple 竜巣院 in 袋井市, Shizuoka.
Here the dragon got hit with a sword into its side.

A similar story is told at the temple 竜潭寺 in 引佐町, Shizuoka.
Here the hair of the dragon was cut off.

A similar story is told at the shrine 大門神社 in 浦和市, Saitama.
Its eyes were destroyed by hammering nails into them to keep the dragon in place.

A similar story is told at the temple 米倉寺 in 中井町, Kanagawa.

A similar story is told at the temple 高山寺 in 小川町, Nagano.

A similar story is told about a ryuma 竜馬 dragon-horse carved by Jingoro at the temple 伝誓寺 Densei-Ji in 岡崎市, Aichi.

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A similar story is told about a 虎猫 tiger-cat carved by Jingoro at the temple 法住寺 Hoju-Ji in 大塚町, Aichi.
Here the legs of the animal were cut off.

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A similar story is told about a 猿 monkey carved by Jingoro at the shrine 岩清水八幡宮 Iwashimizu Hachimangu in 八幡市, Kyoto.
A nail was put through his right eye.

A similar story is told about a 猿 monkey carved by Jingoro at the shrine 聖天社 in 妻沼町, Saitama.

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A similar story is told about a kamo 鴨 duck carved by Jingoro at the temple 東福寺 Tofuku-Ji in 流山市, Chiba.

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A similar story is told about a tsuru 鶴 crane carved by Jingoro at the temple 長国寺 Chokoku-Ji in 松代町, Nagano.

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A similar story is told about an uma 馬 horse carved by Jingoro at the temple 慈恩寺 Jion-Ji in 幾川村, Saitama
and at 牛句観音 Ushiku Kannon in 敷島町, Yamanashi.
The horse was fixed with a bridle to keep it in place.

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source :　kappanda.blog.so-net.ne.jp

mamuke no ryuu 真向の竜 a dragon looking straight forward

成相山成相寺 Nariai-Ji
[西国三十三所巡礼] Saikoku Kannon Pilgrimage

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.................................................... Ehime 愛媛県 ....................................................

丹原町 Tanbara

katame buna 片目鮒 the buna fish with one eye
The buna in the pond of temple Kumyooji 久妙寺 Kumyo-Ji have been carved by Jingoro. The Dragon God later plucked them out of the carvings and threw them in the pond, poking out one eye.

.................................................... Gifu 岐阜県 ....................................................

下呂市 Gero

koi 鯉 carp

The carp at the main hall of the shrine 久津八幡宮 Kuzu Hachimangu has been carved by Jingoro. It was so well done that the animal escaped every night to the nearby river Hidagawa 飛騨川 to drink water. That is why the road in front of the shrine began to crumble. So behind the carp someone carved the image of an arrow and that brought an end to the nightly outings of the carp.

. Gero Onsen 下呂温泉 Gero Hot Spring Spa .

.................................................... Kumamoto 熊本県 ....................................................

- - - Here is a collection of legends about Jingoro and the shirikodama of the local Kappa, water goblins.

yamawaroo 山童 "mountain child", Kappa
Jingoro made some straw figures and had them help with his work. When the work was finished he told them not to harm people and threw 1000 of them into the sea (to become Kappa) and 1000 into the mountains to become "yamawaro".

....................................................................... and at 河浦町 Kawaura
The straw figures which Jingoro had made built a temple just over night were of no more use after the building was finished.
When he threw them into the river after that, he told them "Just go and eat the assholes of people". So they became Kappa. When such a Kappa eats rice offerings from a Buddhist altar, he can no longer kill people that way.

....................................................................... and at Amakusa, 五和町 Itsuwa
Jingoro made many straw figures and built the residence of the local lord. When the work was finished he threw them into the river and told them "Just go and eat the assholes of people". This is why the Kappa have come to eat the "shirikodama".

....................................................................... and at Amakusa, 御所浦町 Goshoura
When Jingoro was about to build a house, he got angry about one of the helpers, a good-for-nothing. He told him "Just go and eat the assholes of people" , then hit him with a hammer on the backside and threw the hammer into the sea. He made a straw figure 藁人形 and burried in the ground, which later became a Kappa.

....................................................................... and at 牛深市 Ushibuka
At the time when 平清盛 Taira no Kiyomori had Hidari Jingoro do the carvings for 宮島 Miyajima
Jingoro made straw figures and had them help him. When all the work was done the "straw people" asked what to do now.
"Just go and eat the assholes of people" he said, put a nail through the head of each one and threw it into the sea.
They turned out to become Kappa and now have a plate on their head to keep the water of life in it.

(Considering Jingoro is mostly associated with the Edo period, this is an amazing tale, since Kiyomori lived around 1168.)

. 河童 Kappa legends from Kumamoto　熊本県 .

.................................................... Okayama 岡山県 ....................................................

阿波村 Abason

The dragon carved by Jingoro at the shrine 阿波八幡神社 Aba Hachiman Jinja was coming down every night to roam in the fields and cause a lot of damage. So his eyes were rubbed out and peace returned to the villge.

- Introduction of the Shrine.
- source : www.e-tsuyama.com -

.................................................... Osaka 大阪市 ....................................................

At the temple Shitenno-Ji 四天王寺 there is a carving of a sleeping cat.
In the New Year's morning it is always calling out loudely.

So beside the famous cat in Nikko there is one more.
The cat carving amulet was a precious amulet to keep mice away from the silk worms in former times.

.................................................... Niigata 新潟県 ....................................................

月潟村 Tsukigata

ryuu 龍 Dragon
Once large ships could not move in the harbour and rumor had it the culprit was the Dragon carved in the local temple.
So people hit a nail into its tongue.
From that day on the ships could pass and move freely, but by sunset on that day, the temple hall burned down completely.

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浦佐町 Urasa

Jingoro spent some time in Echigo. There he heared the legend of Bishamonten who exterminated a wild mountain cat山猫.
So he carved a mask of the mountain cat and fixed it to the entrance of the 毘沙門堂　Bishamon Hall.
After the main festival every year on the 7th day of the 3rd lunar month at midnight, the cat is howling.
Another legend tells that the mountain cat saved the Bishamon Hall from fire and the mask is now an amulet to prevent fire.

Urasa no neko men 浦佐の猫面 cat mask from Urasa
. Niigata Folk Art - 新潟県　 .

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Sado Island, 畑野町 Hatano

Jingoro carved a cock 鶏 for the shrine Kamo Jinja 加茂神社. He used a living cock borrowed from the neighborhood for his model. When the carving was done, the cock died all of a sudden. In his turn, the wood-carved cock was now crowing every morning. The villagers felt quite eery and eventually it was shot with an arrow in its breast. Then silence returned.

.................................................... Saitama 埼玉県 ....................................................

. Chichibu Jinja 秩父神社　Chichibu shrine .

kosodate no tora 子宝・子育ての虎 mother tiger and her children
(The tiger looks more like a leopard with her fur patterns . . .)

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浦和市 Urawa

After a funeral at the temple 国昌寺 Kokusho-Ji a dragon carved by Jingoro came down to eat the dead body, but then damaged the fields while suffering from a stomach ace. When the villagers hit some nails into the wooden head, all calmed down.

kugizuke no ryuu 釘付けの龍"the nailed-down dragon"

A similar legend is told at 越谷市 Koshigaya. .

.................................................... Shizuoka 静岡県 ....................................................

Numazu 沼津市

wara ningyoo 藁人形 straw dolls, straw figures
Jingoro was ordered to rebuild the 観音堂 Kannon Hall. Since the festival day was close, there was not much time. So Jingoro asked the villagers to make many human straw figures. He blew life in them and they finished the hall in three days and three nights. Since it was finished in the early morning, it was called

source :　city.numazu.shizuoka.jp

Akeno Kannon 赤野観音 "Kannon in the Red (morning sun) Field".

................................................... Wakayama 和歌山県 ....................................................

赤松寺 Akamatsu temple

statue of a tiger虎置物

.................................................... Yamaguchi 山口県 ....................................................

Shimonoseki 下関市

Temple 引接寺 Injo-Ji carving in the ceiling

.................................................... Yamanashi 山梨県 ....................................................

Kofu 中道町 Nakamichi

bakeneko 化け猫 the monster cat
When Jingoro walked along Yamazaki Shinden 山崎新田 he passed by a old woman suffering pain, so he heaved her on his back and carried her on. But is was in fact the stone statue of Jizo 石地蔵. When Jingoro reached the home of the old woman, there was only a servant telling him, the grandma of the home had just died and grandpa was on his way to the temple. The servant had been told not to let the fire go out, but he was tired and had started to nap. At that moment the dead old grandma had tried to get out of the house and Jingoro tried to hold her back as she tried to climb on the roof. Just than grandpa came back, took a stone, threw it up the roof and hit the grandma.
Since the fire went out, the cat from the temple had sneaked in, walked on the roof and tried to steal the dead body.

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- quote -
Toyo-kan (Mountain Lodge)
The lodge worships the Manekineko (lucky beckoning cat) and Hachidai Ryuo (Eight Great Dragon Kings) (Buddhism god) which are assumed to be carved by the noted sculptor Hidari Jingoro.
- source : www.yamanashi-kankou.jp -

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飛騨の甚五郎 Jingoro from Hida - Sake

名工、左甚五郎の名にあやかった
飛騨の清酒です。シャープな切れ味，辛口ごのみの男酒です。
- source : www.hidaroman.com -

carpenter joys -
today we drink
on Jingoro !

Gabi Greve, July 2015

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- - - - - H A I K U - - - - -

寒菊や大工は左甚五郎
kangiku ya daiku wa hidari jingoroo

chrysanthemum in the cold -
the carpenter is Hidari
Jingoro

. Masaoka Shiki 正岡子規.

. kangiku 寒菊 (かんぎく) chrysanthemum in the cold .
- kigo for all winter -

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耳立てて甚五郎猫は大昼寝
mimi tatete Jingoro neko wa oo hirune

with ears pricked up
the cat from Jingoro
takes its nap

角田よし子 Tsunoda Yoshiko

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Yokai database 　妖怪データベース　 - - - source: www.nichibun.ac.jp -

- Reference - Japanese -

- Reference - English -

. . minwa 民話　folktales / densetsu 伝説　Japanese Legends . .
- Introduction -

. Legends about animals 動物と伝説 .

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. Welcome to Edo 江戸 ! .

. Woodwork in Edo .

- - - #hidarijingoro #jingoro - - -
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- quote
Sendai Shiro(仙臺四郎 or sometimes 仙台四郎), born Haga Shiro,
was a real person who was said to have lived during the late Edo period through the early Meiji period from 1860-1902. He was born a man but is remembered as a god of fortune. Like most legends and their back stories, there are several slightly different versions of how Sendai Shiro came to be. I will be sharing a mix of what I have read, heard, and seen.

One hot summer August evening, the young boy Haga set out to see the fireworks marking the beginning of the city famous Tanabata Festival. Just like today, the best spot to see the fireworks is along the Hirose River. Fighting the crowds and struggling to get a better view, the innocent boy leaned too far over the ledge of a bridge and fell head first straight into the shallow river. Possibly hitting his head and nearly drowning, Haga was never the same. Likely suffering from brain damage, he lost the ability to use or remember most speech and his mental ability deteriorated. Most origin stories fail to mention the boys' parents or guardians. Maybe the young boy was abandoned after the accident. In either case, Haga soon became a common sight wandering aimlessly downtown around the shopping arcades, rarely talking but always smiling. As time went on, something strange began to happen.

Stores Haga frequented did well, even prospering in business. At the same time, establishments ignored by the iconic shaved-head and now growing larger man soon went bankrupt. Locals started calling Haga Shiro a good luck charm. Shop owners tried to coerce Haga into their stores and restaurants were known to treat him to free food. He was a popular sight and everyone wanted to be his friend. It must have been a leisurely life for someone who would have struggled to survive without the care he received from others.

Time went on and eventually Haga, now in his late forties, disappeared from the busy marketplace. Some say he wandered off to die or wandered off then died. To where? No one knows for certain. Several years after Shiro's mysterious death, a shrewd businessman had the idea to sell good luck charms with Haga Shiro's picture and face. The goods became wildly popular and Haga Shiro was soon immortalized as a city legend; the god of good luck, wealth, and prosperity would forever be known as Sendai Shiro.

More critical observers discredit the Sendai Shiro myth. They argue businesses which care little about their customers or reputation and only about money, probably had poor business practices. It was natural for them to be uninviting and eventually close down. Conversely, stores with excellent people skills would serve and welcome someone like Haga. Having the supposed good luck of Sendai Shiro played little importance to these stores as it was their customer service which really brought in customers and secured continuing and future success.

- - - - - Sendai Shiro Today
The spirit of Sendai Shiro is enshrined in Mitakisan Fudo-In Temple (三瀧山不動院). It is a temple located right inside the middle of Clis Road, the heart of the same shopping arcades Sendai Shiro became a legend. The Shingon sect temple is impressive in its own right with several artistic Buddhist statues inside its main hall. The lane leading to the prayer hall has Buddhist items sold on the right side and Sendai Shiro goods sold on the left. Climb the few stairs and look left before going inside the main hall to see a statue of Sendai Shiro. Why not pray for riches here? Next to the statue you can see images of him in picture form. These same pictures of the real Sendai Shiro can be found in many businesses across the city, usually near the cash register watching over the money. Take a look and you are sure to spot them during your travels.
Also keep an eye out for the Sendai Shiro look-alike known as "Heisei Shiro." This cheerful man appears in some local promotional internet videos and can be seen at some local events.
- source : Justin Velgus

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. Sendai no hariko men 仙台の張子面 papermachee masks .　
mask of 仙台四郎 Sendai Shiro

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CLICK for more dolls of Sendai Shiro!

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不思議な福の神「仙台四郎」の解明
―その実在と世界の分析なぜ御利益は必ず訪れるのか!?
大沢忍 (著)

- Reference - Japanese -

- further reference -

- - - #sendaishiro - - -
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Welcome ! Willkommen !

This is an index of all the persons introduced in the Darumapedia.

. Daruma Pilgrims Gallery .

. WKD : Introducing Japanese Haiku Poets .

. WKD : 松尾芭蕉　Matsuo Basho and his friends .

. WKD SAIJIKI : Memorial Days of Famous People .

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Gabi Greve
June 2013

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- quote
also known as Shibukawa Harumi, Yasui Santetsu II 二世保井算哲, and
Motoi Santetsu 保井算晢, was a Japanese scholar, go player and the first official astronomer appointed of the Edo period.
He revised the Chinese lunisolar calendar at the imperial request, drawing up the Jōkyō calendar which was issued in 1684 during the Jōkyō era. In 1702, he changed his name to Shibukawa Sukezaemon Shunkai and retired by 1711. As a go player, he was affiliated with the Yasui house, calling himself initially (after his father) Yasui Santetsu II. He is mentioned as a Tengen player in Yamashita Keigo 's book: Challenging Tenge.
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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The Jōkyō calendar (貞享暦 Jōkyō-reki) was a Japanese lunisolar calendar, in use from 1684 to 1753. It was officially adopted in 1685.
The Jōkyō-reki system was developed and explained by Shibukawa Shunkai. He recognized that the length of the solar year is 365.2417 days.
Shibukawa discovered errors in the traditional Chinese calendar, the Semmyō calendar, which had been in use for 800 years.

Japan has been using the Gregorian calendar since 1874,
but still refers to its KYUREKI 旧暦, the old calendar, on many occasions.
. Calendar Systems of Japan .

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- quote -
Shibukawa Harumi
Title:Tenmon gata
Japanese:澁川春海(Shibukawa Harumi or Shibukawa Shunkai)
Other names Yasui Santetsu II 二世保井算哲 Motoi Santetsu 保井算晢

Harumi was born into a family of go-players to the shogunate, but was also interested in mathematics and astronomy. At that time Japan was still calculating the calendar using the Tang calendar the Senmyô calendar 宣明暦, which it had adopted in 8612, and inaccuracies in the calendar were obvious, especially that the winter solstice was calculated almost two days late. Also, it was not very accurate with eclipses, in particular predicted far too many. Harumi like some other scholars of the time believed that the Mongol-period Juji calendar 授時暦, which was the apex of the Chinese calendar tradition,should be adopted in Japan.

Through his professional connections as a go-player he was able to interest several officials in the project, especially Hoshina Masanori保科正之 of Aizu, the shogun's guardian, and Mito Mitsukuni. He made a table of eclipses as predicted by the Senmyô and Juji calendars to prove the superiority of the later.

However, on 1675/5/1 an eclipse that was predicted by the Senmyô calendar but not by the Juji calendar did occur, and so the idea of changing calendars was rejected. Harumi managed to get hold of a (forbidden) Chinese work on western astronomy, and "localized" the 13th-century Chinese calendar for 17th century Japan, and in 1683 petitioned the imperial court to adopt the "Yamato" calendar. However, the next year the court decided to adopt the Ming-period Daitô calendar大統暦, a very slight revision of the Juji calendar. Harumi again petitioned, saying the Daitou calendar was not suitable for Japan, and finally on 1684/10/29 the Yamato calendar was accepted, and it went into effect the next year as the Jôkyô calendar 貞享暦.

After that, the shogunate established the office of the Tenmon gata天文方, and Harumi became the first holder of that post. He had an observatory on his property and built some astronomical instruments.
- source : wiki.samurai-archives.com -

tenmongata, tenmonkata 天文方 - Astronomical Bureau with officer in charge of astronomy
Members of Yoshida family inherited the position of Tenmonkata until the end of Edo period.

- reference -

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Edo no Tenmongaku　江戸の天文学　Astronomy in Edo

. koyomi uri 暦売 seller of new calendars .

. Welcome to Edo 江戸 ! .

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- Reference - Japanese -

- Reference - English -

. Introducing Japanese Haiku Poets .

- - - #shibukawa - - -
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- quote
a Japanese surveyor and cartographer. He is known for completing the first map of Japan created using modern surveying techniques.

Early life
Inō was born in Kujūkuri, a coastal village in Kazusa Province, in what is now Chiba Prefecture, and was adopted (aged seventeen) by the prosperous Inō family of Sawara (now a district of Katori, Chiba), a town in Shimōsa Province. He ran the family business, expanding its sake brewing and rice-trading concerns, until he retired at the age of 49. At this time he moved to Edo and became a pupil of astronomer Takahashi Yoshitoki, from whom he learned Western astronomy, geography, and mathematics.

Mission
In 1800, after nearly five years of study, the Shogunate permitted Inō to perform a survey of the country using his own money. This task, which consumed the remaining seventeen years of his life, covered the entire coastline and some of the interior of each of the Japanese home islands. During this period Inō reportedly spent 3,736 days making measurements (and travelled 34,913 kilometres), stopping regularly to present the Shogun with maps reflecting his survey's progress. He produced a number of detailed maps (some at a scale of 1:36,000, others at 1:216,000) of select parts of Japan, mostly in Kyūshū and Hokkaidō.

Inō's magnum opus, his 1:216,000 map of the entire coastline of Japan, remained unfinished at his death in 1818, but was completed by his surveying team in 1821. An atlas collecting all of his survey work, entitled Dai Nihon Enkai Yochi Zenzu (ja:大日本沿海輿地全図 Maps of Japan's Coastal Area), was published that year. It had three pages of large scale maps at 1:432,000, showed the entire country on eight pages at 1:216,000 and 214 pages of select coastal areas in fine detail at 1:36,000. The Inō-zu (Inō's maps), many of which are accurate to 1/1000 of a degree, remained the definitive maps of Japan for nearly a century, and maps based on his work were in use as late as 1924.
In addition to his maps,
Inō produced several scholarly works on surveying and mathematics, including Chikyū sokuenjutsu mondō and Kyūkatsuen hassenhō.

Commemoration
Inō is celebrated as one of the architects of modern Japan. A museum, dedicated to his memory, was opened in his former home in Sawara, and in 1996 was designated a National Historic Site. In November 1995 the Japanese government issued a commemorative 80 Yen postage stamp, showing Inō's portrait and a section of his map of Edo. Most of the complete copies of the atlas have been lost or destroyed (often by fire), although a mostly-complete copy of the large-scale map was discovered in the collection of the U.S. Library of Congress in 2001.
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !

He was even choosen for a Google Logo in Japan.

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- quote -
Inō Tadataka (Inō Chūkei) (1745-1818)
was born in Kazusa Province in 1745. He was adopted as the heir of the Inō family in the city of Sawara. He managed the family brewery until he was fifty. After he retired he began to study astronomy, geography and mathematics and began drawing maps. Between 1800 and 1816 he spent 3,736 days taking measurements and mapping Japan. His maps are accurate to about a thousandth of a degree.
Tadataka's maps were not completed during his lifetime. In 1821 the Dai Nihon enkai yochi zenzu, an atlas of Japan based on his surveys was completed. The atlas contained 214 sheets on a scale of 1:36,000, 8 sheets on a scale of 1:216,000 and 3 sheets on a scale of 1:432,000.
Though Inō's maps were not in use during the Edo period, they were made the standard maps of the country in the Meiji era. Maps published by the British Navy in the 1860's were based on Inō's maps, and maps based on Inō's were used as late as 1924 by the Japanese military.

The stamp was issued in November 1995 to observe the 250th anniversary of the birth of Ino Tadataka. The map depicted on the stamp is a portion of a map attributed to Tadataka. The map shows an area centered, more or less on Edo (now Tokyo), and shows the province of Kazuza where Takataka was born. The city of Sawara is slightly north and just west of the the point on the right of the land in the map.
The portrait of Tadataka is from a contemporary painting.
- source : sio.midco.net/dansmapstamps -

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Ino Tadataka Museum 伊能忠敬記念館 Inoh Tadataka Museum
1722-1 Sawara-i, Katori City, Chiba Prefecture 香取市
- source : city.katori.lg.jp/museum -

- quote -
Japan's Master Cartographer: The Inoh Tadataka Museum
Inoh Tadataka (1745-1818),
a wealthy Sawara rice and sake merchant, had ancestors with a penchant for surveying and mapmaking, and perhaps thus influenced he developed a fascination with astronomy in middle age. Retiring from his business at 49, he moved to Edo, where he studied for five years with the Shogunate's official astronomer, then set out on the first of ten surveying expeditions the length and breadth of Japan. That initial effort, to make the first accurate map of the northern island of Ezo (now Hokkaido), so impressed the Shogunate that it commissioned him for several more expeditions. Inoh traveled and surveyed almost incessantly for 17 years until shortly before his death; his masterwork, a detailed map of the entire Japanese archipelago, was published posthumously in 1821. The soon-to-be legendary "Inoh Map"(Inoh-zu) was so accurate that it set the standard for maps of Japan, both domestic and foreign, for another century -- German and British cartographers copied it too.

The Inoh Tadataka Museum is Sawara's spacious, well-organized tribute to this remarkable favorite son. Fortunately for visitors in transit from Narita, it offers reasonably detailed English descriptions of its exhibits, most of which are, naturally, maps, of all sizes and scales. One of the most revealing is an electronic display that superimposes the Inoh Map on a recent Landsat photo of Japan. Aside from some slight longitudinal deviation (longitude, which Inoh tried to derive from observations of solar and lunar eclipses, was much harder to measure than latitude), the Inoh Map is an astonishingly close match to the satellite's.

Inoh Tadataka's map of Japan, 1821

Nearly as fascinating as Inoh's maps are the museum's charts of the labyrinthine routes he took on his expeditions, zigzagging his way up and down the archipelago with a band of surveyors, retainers and guards. (It is interesting to see how Inoh's mapping accuracy improved as the Shogun increased his budgetary support.)
- source : Alan Gleason -

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伊能忠敬 : 清水靖夫

伊能忠敬 : 大石学 / 西本鶏介

- Reference - 伊能忠敬 -

- Reference - English -

. Welcome to Edo 江戸 ! .

. Introducing Japanese Haiku Poets .

- - - #inotadataka #tadatakaino - - -
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Healed by the Tsuboyu Waters of Yunomine

However, he was saved by a maiden named Terute 照手姫. He then fled to Fujisawa on an unbroken horse where he was aided by the Priest Yugyo. Later,Oguri became ill, but with the guidance of Yugyo and the sympathy of many including Terute, he made a pilgrimage to Kumano where the protection of Deities and the healing waters of Yunomine nursed him back to health.
Oguri was the 15th Lord of the Oguri Castle,but was ultimately killed in battle against Nariuji Ashikaga.
It is believed that a shrine maiden from Oguri's home country of Hitachi created the heroic epic to console the spirit of the ruined Oguri clan. From historical fact,the story became legend and was ultimately told time and time again.
- source : hongu.jp/en/kumano-kodo -

Yunomine Onsen 湯の峰温泉 and Oguri Hangan - 和歌山県 Wakayama is a related location.
熊野市 Kumano
The samurai 小栗判官 Oguri Hangan had been given poison by his enemies and turned almost into a gaki 餓鬼 hungry demon. Yakushi Nyorai appeared in his dream and told him to go to Yunomine Hot Spring to be healed.

. Yakushi Onsen 薬師温泉 Hot Springs and Yakushi Nyorai .

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藤沢市遊行寺（清浄光寺 Jojoko-Ji）長生院 Chosei-In
Fujizawa藤沢市

Temple hall in honor of Oguri 小栗堂

説経節にみる小栗判官伝説
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

Fujisawa: Oguri Hangan
from the series Fifty-three Pairings for the Tôkaidô Road (Tôkaidô gojûsantsgui)
歌川国芳
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA

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source : wikiart.org

Oguri Hangan Sukeshige and Yamasaki - by Utagawa Sadatora
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA

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- quote -
Kabuki - Tôryû Oguri Hangan
Oguri Hangan Daisukeshige (1398 - 1464)
was the son of a provincial lord who had been dispossessed of his estates by the Ashikaga clan. He led an extremely adventurous life when young, but eventually settled down and led a quiet life. He was famous for his horsemanship and was reputed to be able to make a horse stand with all four hooves on a goban. A legend was born, related to Hangan's real adventures. This legend has all the elements of great myth and is one of the great classics of Sekkyô music, narrative singing telling Buddhist stories of miracles and tragedies.
In the original legend, Oguri was born to an aristocratic family in Kyôto, only to be driven from his home. He wandered through the country, finally ending up at the mansion of a man named Daizen in Hitachi, one of the distant provinces in the east. Daizen's daughter Terute fell in love with Oguri, but Daizen first tries to kill him with a wild horse, then with poisoned wine. In the end, he ends up horribly deformed and half-dead, already almost part of the world beyond. But people faithfully believing in a miracle and believing that pulling this cart will bring them great merit pull him on a cart. Finally, he reaches a waterfall in the sacred land of Kumano and is restored to life.
Oguri Hangan and his betrothed Princess Terute became the heroes of many Kabuki or puppet theater dramas.
Here is a short list of the most famous ones: (- snip - )

- - - - - Oguri Hangan and Princess Terute flying over the audience

Summary
The hero Oguri sets out to find out the true story behind the suspicious suicide of the father of his fiancee, Princess Terute, and to find stolen family heirlooms. His enemies intend to use against him his pride in his horse-handling skills by getting him to try and tame a savage, man-eating horse. They expect him to be killed in the attempt, but instead he completely masters the horse and has it stand on its rear legs on a go board, before making his escape.

The fisherman Namishichi, who is Oguri's former retainer, hides Princess Terute in his house, but she is abducted by his corrupt brother-in-law. He follows in pursuit but cannot stop the princess being taken away by boat. He decides to forfeit his life in return for the safety of the princess and commits seppuku by the sea. A river of blood flows from Namishichi's belly. The dragon gods hear his plea and the winds blow the princess's boat back to shore. Namishichi and his brother-in-law come to final blows, and the last we see of Namishichi is his lifeless body spread-eagled upside down on the side of a cliff.

In pursuit of his fiancee and family heirlooms, Oguri has made his way to a manor house in the countryside where he has promised to marry the daughter in return for getting the heirlooms. But Princess Terute has been washed ashore nearby and has obtained work as a maid in the house. She and Oguri are reunited, and Oguri breaks off the engagement with the daughter. However, she is besotted with Oguri and refuses to give him up despite her mother's strenuous pleading. When the daughter seeks to murder Terute, the mother sees she has no alternative but to kill her own daughter. Yet, even after the murder, the daughter's ghost returns to bring revenge, and Oguri is afflicted with lameness and horrible facial scarring. Terute takes Oguri on a cart to a shrine on Kumano where the local saint is able to produce Oguri's healing. The horse painting on the shrine wall comes to life and Oguri and Terute fly off (over the heads of the audience) to confront their enemies and restore their fortunes.
- - - - - Courtesy of Jean Wilson (1997)

Trivia
It is a custom for actors about to perform in an oguri-hanganmono to go to pray in front of the tombstone of Oguri Hangan, which is located in the precincts of a temple in the city of Fujisawa (Kanagawa prefecture).
- source : kabuki21.com/oguri_hangan -

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Matsuri 小栗判官まつり Oguri Hangan Festival
Chikusei Town 筑西市, Ibaraki

- quote -
The festival, which began in 1989, recreates the story of Oguri-Hangan, and is held annually on the first Sunday in December. Aiming at revitalization of the town, several events are carried out at the site; local precuts market, musical performances, try-out booths and snack bars. Every year, more than 20,000 people visit the festival.

The highlight of the festival is the Musha-Gyoretsu (warrior procession). Oguri-Hangan mounted on a horse strolls along JR Niihari Station Street, accompanied by more than 300 costumed people, including Terute-Hime, maids, Hangan’s ten brave warriors and child warriors. Performers of traditional entertainment such as Oguri Dai-dai Kagura, Chigyo Yagibushi, Mikoshi, and Furusato Taiko of Hitachi join the procession, and excitement over the festival heats up. The street along which the procession passes is crowded with thousands of people, as the festival reaches a crescendo.
- source : city.chikusei.lg.jp-

- reference -

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- quote
Oguri hangan ichidaiki:
Tales of the samurai : Oguri hangwan ichidaiki, being the story of the lives, the adventures, and the misadventures of the Hangwan-dai Kojirō Sukeshige and Terute-hime, his wife
/ a redaction from the kōdan and chronicles of the Japanese originals
by James S. de Benneville.
- source : catalog.hathitrust.org

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- - - - - H A I K U - - - - -

蜘蛛の囲の湯殿や小栗判官の
kumo no i no yudono ya Oguri Hangan

the bath
surrounded by spider webs - Oguri
Hangan

佐々木六戈 Sasaki Rokka (1955 - )

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- Reference - Japanese -

- Reference - English -

. Introducing Japanese Haiku Poets .

- - - #ogurihangan - - -
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Art of the Samurai: Japanese Arms and Armor, 1156-1868
By Morihiro Ogawa, Kazutoshi Harada,
- source : books.google.co.jp -

- quote
To wear mu like a banner, extravagantly, as though marching with complete abandon into the abyss of death, must have made the helmet's owner, the fervently Buddhist daimyo Matsudaira Sadamoto, a striking figure on his annual march to Edo. It is also a reminder of how Japanese Buddhism merged seamlessly with the 1,200-year panorama of warfare and cultural politics that preceded the Meiji Restoration of 1868.
- - - - - The Art of Twentieth-Century Zen Exhibition
- source : tricycle.com/reviews

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. Welcome to Edo 江戸 ! .

Unemegahara　采女ヶ原 Uneme plain

Hasegawa Settan

- quote -
Unemegahara was located in what is today Ginza 5 chōme, Chuō Ward.
The name of Unemegahara stemmed from the fact that until 1724 the residence of Matsudaira Uneme-no-sho-Sadamoto, the Imabari feudal lord was located there.
The residence was relocated to Kōji-machi after a great fire. A riding ground was then constructed on the vacated site, and the surrounding area developed as an entertainment district. It is said that it was a flourishing area with a row of booths, reed screen shacks, professional storytellers, joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to a shamisen accompaniment), teahouses, and archery ranges.
- source : library.metro.tokyo.jp -

- quote -
Much of the newly created land on the riversides and along the bay was allocated to daimyo lords for their villas and storehouses. Here, in a two-part 1830s woodcut print by Hasegawa Settan of Unemegahara, in what is now Ginza 5-chome in Chuo Ward, we can see an interesting contrast between bustling commoners’ activities and the hushed silence of one of those large daimyo residences.

The horse track in the print
was originally the site of a daimyo mansion that was razed in a fire in 1726. Soon after, a savvy townsman by the name of Chubee was given permission to open a rent-a-horse center on the vacant lot for the equestrian training of low-class samurai who could not afford their own mounts. Combined with refreshment and entertainment services, Chubee’s business thrived, attracting crowds of people from all walks of life.
- snip -
Mannen-bashi — the wooden bridge in the illustration, now of concrete — spans not the canal, but traffic roaring along the Shuto Expressway below. Turning right just before Man’nen-bashi, cross another bridge, the arched Uneme-bashi (named after Unemegahara) dating from 1930 that has recently been nicely refurbished with decorative metal railings and a pocket park planted with cherry and fruit trees.
- source : japantimes.co.jp 2003 -

source : shisly.cocolog-nifty.com

In 1728 Shogun Yoshimune 吉宗 had an elephant from Vietnam brought to Edo and kept it in the ground of Unemegahara. This caused an "elephant boom" in Edo and attracted many visitors. The elephant lived for 13 years, later moved to the estate of 浜御殿 Hama Goten.
April 28 was named the "day of the Elephant".
４月28日を「象の日」

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Unemebashi采女橋 Uneme bridge
このあたりは、江戸前期に松平采女正の屋敷があり、享保９年（１７２４年）の大火で焼けたあと火除地になって、俗に采女が原と呼ばれました。橋名の由来はここからきたものと思われます。
采女が原は、明治２年に采女町と称する市街地となり、銀座煉瓦街と築地の外国人居留地との間に位置して和洋混合の新興市街地が形成されていったようです。
震災復興時に架け替えられた現在の橋は、当時意匠的に優れていたといわれるアーチが採用されました。また橋の下は昭和３７年に築地川から現在の高速道路に姿を変えました。
区では平成２年度に、幻のホテル”築地ホテル館”（明治元年、近代的な洋式ホテル第一号として誕生し、栄華を誇ったが明治５年焼失）と”銀座の柳”を題材にした意匠で高欄等を整備しました。
平成３年３月
東京都中央区
source : viva-edo.com/kinenh

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Unemegahara no baba 采女ヶ原馬場 Riding Ground

中山安兵衛の仇討で知られるが，享保期(1716‐36)には8代将軍吉宗が流鏑馬を盛大に行ったことでも有名である。また享保期，火災焼失後の明地に作られた木挽町(現在の東銀座付近)の采女ヶ原（うねめがはら）馬場は，地の利がよかったことから，馬場周辺が歓楽地としておおいに発展した。
【玉井哲雄】
source : kotobank.jp

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- quote
... one of the leading daimyo (feudal lords) in the Sengoku period Japan. Based in Suruga Province, he was one of the three daimyo that dominated the Tōkaidō region. He was one of the dominant daimyo in Japan for a time, until his death in 1560.
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As he was not the eldest son, he was ineligible to inherit the family headship directly from his father. As a result, the young boy was sent to a temple where his name was changed to Baigaku Shōhō (梅岳承芳) or Sengaku Shōhō (栴岳承芳). Unrest broke out when his older brother Ujiteru died suddenly in 1536. His elder half-brother, Genkō Etan (玄広恵探, tried to seize the heirship but the clan split into two factions. Yoshimoto's faction demanded that since Yoshimoto's mother was the consort of Ujichika, he was the rightful heir. Genkō Etan's faction demanded that since he was older, he was the rightful heir. Genkō Etan's mother was a concubine and a member of the Kushima family, but they were defeated and killed in the Hanagura Disturbance (花倉の乱 Hanagura-no-ran). Baigaku Shōhō changed his name to Yoshimoto at this point and succeeded the clan.

After Yoshimoto succeeded to family headship,
he married the sister of Takeda Shingen of Kai. This allowed him to cement an alliance with the Takeda. Soon after, Yoshimoto fought against the Hōjō of Sagami. Starting in 1542, Yoshimoto began his advance into Mikawa Province, in an effort to fight the growing influence of Oda Nobuhide in that region. In campaigns over the course of the ensuing decades, Yoshimoto wrested control of a wide area including Suruga, Totomi, and Mikawa provinces.
In 1552,
Shingen's son, Takeda Yoshinobu, married Yoshimoto's daughter. Yoshimoto and the Hōjō clan reached a peace agreement in 1554 with the marriage of Yoshimoto's son Ujizane to the daughter of Hōjō Ujitsuna. In 1558, Yoshimoto left the clan's political affairs in Ujizane's hands, in order to focus on dealing with the advance westward into Mikawa.

Battle of Okehazama and death 桶狭間
In the summer of 1560, after forming a three-way alliance with the Takeda and the Hōjō, Yoshimoto headed out to the capital with Tokugawa Ieyasu (then known as Matsudaira Motoyasu) of Mikawa in the vanguard.[5] Despite having a strong force of 25,000, Yoshimoto deliberately announced that he had 40,000 troops. While this statement put fear in many factions, Oda Nobunaga of Owari Province saw through it. (Some historical sources support the claim of 40,000.)

With many victories, Yoshimoto's army was letting its guard down, celebrating with song and sake. A surprise attack by the Oda army of 3,000 following a downpour left Yoshimoto's army in complete disorder. Two Oda samurai (Mōri Shinsuke and Hattori Koheita) ambushed the Imagawa army and killed Yoshimoto, in the village of Dengakuhazama.

Imagawa Ujizane succeeded to family headship after Yoshimoto's death, but the Imagawa clan fell from power. Ujizane was later summoned by Tokugawa Ieyasu and became a kōke in the administration of the Tokugawa clan.
Yoshimoto's niece was Lady Tsukiyama, the wife of Tokugawa Ieyasu.

Yoshimoto has several graves; his body itself is buried at Daisei-ji, a temple in the city of Toyokawa in modern Aichi Prefecture.
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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Surugadako, Suruga tako 駿河凧 kite from Suruga

- - - - - Ushiwakamaru 牛若丸

This dates back to the local regent Imagawa Yoshimoto, who flew this kite over his Suruga castle.

. Shizuoka Folk Art - 静岡県　 .

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. Suruga Province (駿河国, Suruga no kuni) .

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- Reference - Japanese 今川義元 -
- Reference - English -

. Introducing Japanese Haiku Poets .

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Preserving the Dharma:
Hōzan Tankai and Japanese Buddhist Art of the Early Modern Era
In this beautifully illustrated book, eminent art historian John Rosenfield explores the life and art of the Japanese Buddhist monk Hozan Tankai (1629–1716). Through a close examination of sculptures, paintings, ritual implements, and primary documents, the book demonstrates how the Shingon prelate’s artistic activities were central to his important place in the world of late-seventeenth-century Japanese Buddhism. At the same time, the book shows the richness of early modern Japanese Buddhist art, which has often been neglected and undervalued.
Tankai
was firmly committed to the spiritual disciplines of mountain Buddhism—seclusion, severe asceticism, meditation, and ritual. But in the 1680s, after being appointed head of a small, run-down temple on the slopes of Mount Ikoma, near Nara, he revealed that he was also a gifted artist and administrator. He embarked on an ambitious campaign of constructing temple halls and commissioning icons, and the Ikoma temple, soon renamed Hōzanji, became a vibrant center of popular Buddhism, as it remains today. He was a remarkably productive artist, and by the end of his life more than 150 works were associated with him.
A major reconsideration
of a key artistic and religious figure, Preserving the Dharma brings much-needed attention to an overlooked period of Japanese Buddhist art.

John M. Rosenfield (1924–2013)
was the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Professor Emeritus of East Asian Art at Harvard University and curator emeritus of Asian art at the Harvard University Art Museums. His recent publications include Portraits of Chogen: The Transformation of Buddhist Art in Early Medieval Japan and extensive entries in Unrivalled Splendor: The Kimiko and John Powers Collection of Japanese Art.
- source : John M. Rosenfield

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Hoozanji, Hōzan-ji 宝山寺 / 寳山寺 Hozan-Ji
奈良県生駒市門前町1-1 / 1-1 Monzenchō, Ikoma-shi, Nara

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a Buddhist temple in Monzenmachi, Ikoma, Nara, Japan. It is also called 'Ikoma-Shoten' (生駒聖天）.
The area around Hozan-ji was originally a place for the training of Buddhist monks. The name of the place at that time was Daisho-Mudo-ji (大聖無動寺).

Mount Ikoma was originally an object of worship for the ancient people in the region, and so this area was selected as a place for religious training. The training area is said to have opened in 655 by En no Gyōja. Many Buddhist monks, including Kukai (空海), are said to have trained in here.

Hozan-ji started when Tankai (湛海) re-opened this training area in the 17th century. Tankai set up a statue of Kankiten at this place in 1678, the official year Hozan-ji was established.

In the Edo period, this temple was one of the most popular Buddhist temples in this region.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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der Gründer Tankai-Risshi und Hozanji
Seit uralter Zeit verehrt man den Berg Ikoma 生駒山, wo Götter und Heilige wohnen sollen. Die Legende nach soll Enno Gyoja (berühmter Asket im 7.Jhd.) und auch Kobo Daishi (Gründer der Shingon Schule im 10.Jhd.) hier in den Höhlen "Hannyakutsu" , wo sich riesige Felsen und Steine von seltener Gestalt finden, ihre asketischen Übungen praktiziert haben.

Vor ca. 380 Jahren wurde der Hozan Tankai-Risshi (1629 - 1716) in Ise geboren. Er wirkte zuerst im Eitaiji-Tempel von Edo, dem heutigen Tokio. Er kannte sich sehr gut in dem Ritual für Kankiten aus, so dass er damit für den Wiederaufbau des Eitaiji -Tempels, der beim großen Feuer von Edo verbrannt ist, ziemlich viel Spenden sammeln konnte. Das Volk führte dies auf die Wirkung seiner Gebete zurück und bewunderte ihn deshalb sehr.

Danach baute er in Kyoto den Kankiin-Tempel (Kanki-In) und wirkte dort als Abt.
Als er den Ennin-Risshi im Shinhoji in Sakai besuchte, empfing er von ihm die höheren Weihen. Seitdem suchte er weiter nach der wahren Lehre Buddhas. Es genügte ihm nicht, nur im Tempel zu wirken und zu studieren. Im Wald am Fuße des Berges Katsuragi von Yamato fastete er 1000 Tage und am Ende dieser Übungen sah er eine Erscheinung des
Fudomyoou (Acalanatha) und wurde von ihm auf den Berg Ikoma geschickt als den Ort seiner Vervollkommnung.

Am 10.Oktober 1678 kam er mit einigen Schülern auf dem Berg Ikoma an. Ihm wurde die Unterstützung der Dorfbewohner und des Burgvogtes Koriyama zuteil und er baute im Januar des darauf folgenden Jahres die provisorische Haupthalle des Tempels, wo er sich einen lang ersehnten Wunsch erfüllte, nämlich 80,000 Goma-Übungen zu absolvieren.

Damals nannte man den Tempel Daishomudoji.
In den folgenden 10 Jahren vollendete er den Bau der Tempelhallen und änderte den Namen des Tempels in "Hozanji".
Der Tankai-Risshi etablierte "Shoten" - Daishokankiten als Schutzgott des Tempels und strebte danach dort die Ideale des buddhistischen Paradieses zu errichten. Er besaß auch künstlerische Fähigkeiten was die buddhistische Malerei und Bildhauerkunst betrifft. Die Hauptfigur der Verehrung des Tempels und auch mehrere andere Werke sind von ihm selber geschaffen worden.

Des weiteren praktizierte er weiterhin asketische Übungen wie zum Beispiel die der 100,000 Goma und setzte sich als Ziel selber lebend zur Erleuchtung zu gelangen.
Sein Ruhm erreichte den damaligen Machthaber, den Regenten Iehiro, dessen Leiden an einem Geschwür der Tankai durch Gebete geheilt hat.

Der Kinderwunsch des Kaiser Higashiyama und auch des regierenden Shogun Ienori nach einem Stammhalter wurde durch die Einflussnahme des Tankei erfüllt. So fanden sich unter dem Volk und unter den erfolgreichen Kaufleuten immer mehr Anhänger des Tempels und die Anzahl der Gläubigen wuchs ständig und der Trend dieser Beliebtheit hält bis in die Gegenwart an.

Man nennt den Tempel "Shotensan von Ikoma" und man glaubt, dass vor allem weltliche Wünsche Erfüllung finden.
- source : hozanji.com/Hozanji -

生駒山は大昔から神や仙人のようなお方が住む山と周辺から仰ぎあがめられ、巨巌や奇石、幾つかの窟から成る魁偉な姿の般若窟は、寺伝によれば、役行者が梵文般若経を書写して納め、弘法大師も若いころ修行された。
今から三百数十年前、伊勢に生まれ、江戸永代寺に入った宝山湛海律師（一六二九～一七一六）は歓喜天に対する修法に優れ、江戸の大火で焼失した永代寺八幡宮の復興では思わぬ所から金や資材が集まる祈祷の効験を発揮、人々を驚かせた。
その後、京都に歓喜院を建て、独立した。しかし、ある日訪れた円忍律師の教えを受け、堺・神鳳寺（現、大鳥神社）で律師に戒を授かり、真の仏法とは何かを求めることに目覚めた。そして、道場だけの行に飽き足らず、大和葛城山麓の山林で千日不出の木食行を続け、その千日目近く、我が行を完成するにふさわしい山として「生駒山の存在」を、念ずる不動明王に暗示された。
延宝六年（一六七八）十月十日、湛海は数人の弟子と生駒山に入った。村人や郡山藩家老らの援助と協力で翌年正月、五間四面の仮本堂が出来、湛海は念願の八万枚護摩を果たした。寺は当初、大聖無動寺と号した。

- continue reading on the HP of the temple 寳山寺
- source : hozanji.com -

お守り　click for amulets from Hozan-Ji !

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source :　Thierry Mollandin - facebook -

This temple is officially located in Nara, but many people from Osaka come here to pray and enjoy the vista too.

生駒不動明王 Ikoma Fudo Myo-O
生駒聖天 Ikoma Shoten

. Pilgrimage to 18 Shingon Temples .

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- Reference - Japanese -
- Reference - English -

. Introducing Japanese Haiku Poets .

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[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .
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牛若丸　Ushiwakamaru 源の義経　Minamoto no Yoshitsune
(1159 - 1189)
Shanaoo, Shanaō 遮那王　Shanao (his boyhood name at Kurama)
Hoogan 判官 Hogan (his court title)

Ushiwakamaru and Benkei at the Gojo Bridge in Kyoto 京の五条の橋

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a general of the Minamoto clan of Japan in the late Heian and early Kamakura period. "It is evident that Yoshitsune had a genius for offensive warfare...and although Yoshitsune had no knowledge of naval warfare he had the advantage of an acute strategic insight and a quick eye for tactical chances.
..... He was put under the care of Kurama Temple (鞍馬寺), nestled in the Hiei Mountains near the capital of Kyoto,
..... The fight between Ushiwakamaru and the bandit chief 熊坂長範 Kumasaka Chohan in 1174. Yoshitsune was only 15 when he defeated the notorious bandit leader.
..... In 1180, Yoshitsune heard that Yoritomo, now head of the Minamoto clan, had raised an army at the request of Prince Mochihito to fight against the Taira clan (also known as the Heike) which had usurped the power of the emperor. Yoshitsune shortly thereafter joined Yoritomo, along with Minamoto no Noriyori, all brothers who had never before met, in the last of three conflicts between the rival Minamoto and Taira samurai clans, known as the Genpei War.
Yoshitsune defeated and killed his rival cousin Minamoto no Yoshinaka at the Battle of Awazu in Ōmi Province in March 1184 and then defeated the Taira at the Battle of Ichi-no-Tani in present-day Kobe. In 1185, Yoshitsune defeated the Taira again at the Battle of Yashima in Shikoku and destroyed them at the Battle of Dan-no-ura in present-day Yamaguchi Prefecture.
Yoshitsune was subsequently named Governor of Iyo.

..... However
the death of Yoshitsune has been very illusive. According to Ainu historical accounts of Yoshitsune's death it is said he did not commit seppuku and instead escaped to Hokkaido and acquired the name of Okikurumi/Oinakamui. Moreover, in Hokkaido the Yoshitsune Shrine is erected in the town of Biratori also known in Ainu as Pira Utur (ピラウトゥル).
Another
famous Japanese theory of Yoshitsune's whereabouts after evading death comes from the idea that Yoshitsune made his way past Hokkaido by sailing to the mainland continent of Asia and became Genghis Khan.
..... Yoshitsune has long been a popular figure in Japanese literature and culture due to his appearance as the main character in the third section of the Japanese literary classic Heike Monogatari (Tale of the Heike). The Japanese term for "sympathy for a tragic hero", Hōgan-biiki (判官贔屓 lit. Hōgan favor), comes from Yoshitsune's title Hōgan, which he received from the Imperial Court.
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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- - - - - Persons related to Yoshitsune

. Yoshitsune and his loyal retainer, Musashibo Benkei弁慶 .

. Ushiwakamaru and Joruri Gozen浄瑠璃御前 .
Yoruri Hime 浄瑠璃姫 Princess Joruri in Aichi

. Kaneuri Kichiji 金売吉次 / 吉次信高 / 橘次末春 / 金売り吉次 .
Gold merchant of Kyoto, he brought Ushiwakamaru to Hiraizumi.

. Kumasaka Choohan 熊坂長範 Kumasaka Chohan .

. Ushiwakamaru and Minatsuru-hime皆鶴姫 .
at the temple 観音寺 Kannon-Ji in Kesennuma, Miyagi

. With Shizuka Gozen静御前 at Mount Yoshino 吉野山 .
Futari Shizuka 二人静
Yoshitsune Senbon Zakura 義経千本桜 Yoshitsune and the Thousand Cherry Trees, Kabuki play

Tokiwa Gozen 常磐御前 Lady Tokiwa - His Mother (1123 - ?1180)

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- - - - - Places related to Yoshitsune

. Aikyoo-In 愛敬院 Aikyo-In - Miyagi .
Minamoto Yoshitsune is said to have passed here on his travels up North to Hiraizumi.

Gikeiji 義経寺 Gikei-Ji at Minmaya 三厩村 - Dragon Horse Temple　龍馬山 Iwate
GIKEI is another reading for Yoshitsune

. Hiraizumi 平泉 in Michinoku / Tohoku .
Fujiwara no Hidehira 藤原秀衡 (1122? - 1187)
He offered shelter to the young Minamoto no Yoshitsune, who was escaping Kyoto.

. Kurama yama 鞍馬山　Mount Kurama in Kyoto .

. Noma Daibo 野間大坊 Omido temple .
the place where Minamoto no Yoshitomo, the father of Yoritomo and Yoshitsune, was killed

Ushiwakamaru牛若丸

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- - - - - Food related to Yoshitsune

. Dorayaki (どら焼き, どらやき, 銅鑼焼き, ドラ焼き) .

. Ushiwaka mochi 牛若餅 Ushiwaka rice cakes　
Named after Minamoto no Yoshitsune in his boyhood (Ushiwaka, the one as strong as a bull), when he was trained at the Kurama Mountain Temple by the Forest Goblins (tengu).

. Yoshitsune raamen 義経ラーメン Yoshitsune ramen soup .

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- - - - - Folk art related to Yoshitsune

CLICK for more samples of dolls !

. Kokeshi, こけし / 小芥子 / 子消し wooden doll .

. Nagoya karakuri ningyoo　名古屋　からくり人形 from Aichi .
Ushiwaka and Benkei 牛若　弁慶

. Surugadako, Suruga tako 駿河凧 kite from Suruga .
. . . . . with Ushiwakamaru 牛若丸

tako 義経弁慶　凧 kites with Yoshitsune and Benkei
. . . CLICK here for more Photos !

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Yoshitsune and Benkei viewing Cherry Blossoms
Tsukioka Yoshitoshi (1839-1892)

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. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .

His famous horse was Tayuuuguro 太夫黒 Tayuguro.
He rode at the Hiyodorigoe 鵯越 crossing the Hiyodori Pass (near Kobe, Rokkosan).

Utagawa Hiroshige　歌川広重

Yoshitsune Climbing Up the Rough Part of Hiyodori Pass
Yoshitsune's daring descent from Hiyodori Pass in his surprise attack against the Heike.
..... fierce fighting starts at Ikuta-no-mori and Ichi-no-tani, but neither side is able to gain a decisive advantage. Yoshitsune’s cavalry descends a steep slope at Hiyodori Pass decisively attacking the Taira from the rear.
The Taira panic and flee to the boats.....
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福島県 Fukushima, 鹿島町 Kashima

太夫黒 his horse Tayuguro and kataha no ashi 片葉の葦 one-sided reed *
義経の乗用となり、ひよどり越えにも大きな働きをした名馬を太夫黒という。これは、栃窪に久七という百姓がおり、いつも良い馬が生まれていた。中でも太夫黒はこれまでにない名馬であった。変わった馬で、立石山に行って山遊びをし、真野の池に行っては葦を食べ、夜になっても帰らないという風であった。不思議なことに足には水掻きもあったという。しかし見事な成長ぶりで、久七から藤原秀衡に献上され、それが義経の出陣に贈られた。真野の池の葦が片葉なのは、太夫黒が片方ばかりを食べていたためであるという。

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白河市 Shirakawa

sakura no tsue 桜の杖 walking stick from cherry wood
治承4年10月、信夫庄司佐藤元治が、嗣信・忠信の２児を義経に従わせるためここまで送ってきて、子らに名を重んずべきことを説き、桜の杖を地に刺し、「わが子が君に忠であれば生きよ、さもなくば枯れよ」といったと言う。後にこの桜は繁茂し、庄司戻し桜とも言っていたが、今は枯れてなくなっている。

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群馬県 Gunma, 伊香保町 Ihano

Chisen 地仙 a local mountain saint
上州伊香保にある温泉に1人の樵がいたが、周りの住人は彼の年齢を知らなかった。その地の古老が言うには、彼は源義経の旗指で、奥州合戦の時に義経とともに蝦夷の地に逃げた。義経は彼の忠勤を称えて、常陸坊海尊の伝えていた灸の技術を彼に伝え、彼はそれによって地仙となり長寿を得たという。

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兵庫県 Hyogo

Shizuka ga haka 静が墓 grave of Shizuka
由来の分からない古墳があった。そこの木を牛飼いの男が切ったところ、正気でなくなったので、人々が尋ねたところ、自分は義経の妾、静と名乗り、男が勝手に木を切ったので怒っていると言った。人々が信じられずに舞ってほしいと扇を渡すと、すばらしい舞をし、和歌を詠んだ。

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岩手県 Iwate, 平泉町 Hiraizumi

Oni Santa Sennin 鬼三太仙人

衣川に異人がいて、坊主頭で眼光鋭く、名は名乗らず、文武両道を談じ、子どもの癇の呪いや占いをした。礼は受け取らず、枸杞茶を好み、朱塗りの箱を１つ持ったきりだった。伊達政宗が無理に召して箱を開けると、三軸三翰三張と観音像があり、その像に鞍馬東光坊から鬼三太に与えるとあって名がわかった。昔の事を尋ねられると、たいていは忘れたがと言って、義経主従の最後を語った。

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釜石市 Kamaishi

Hitachibo Kaison 常陸坊海尊
常龍山光学寺の大徳塚は何を祀ったものか誰も知らなかった。あるとき山伏が塚に参っているので寺の僧が塚の主を問うと、山伏は亀井六郎の墓であると答え、義経一行のことを事細かに語った。山伏は常陸坊海尊だったろうということになった。

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京都府 Kyoto

Tengu 天狗 - 兵法場
牛若丸が天狗に剣術を学んだ場所を兵法場というが、そこの石を持ってかえると勝負に勝つという。

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Miyagi, Sendai 宮城野区

岩戸三光宮 Iwado Sankogu，青麻神社 Aoso Jinja

天和の頃（1681～84）、岩切の久作という正直者が眼を病んで失明しかけたとき、山中で会った白髪の翁に治してもらった。2度目に会ったときに名を問うと、九郎判官義経公の家来常陸坊海尊、今清悦という、と答え、われ常に日月星を念ずるゆえ、今よりここを岩戸三光宮と申せといって岩窟に入った。

. 青麻神社 Aoso Jinja . *
Aosozawa-32 Iwakiri, Miyagino Ward, Sendai

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Nagano, 鼎町 Kanaemachi

kiriishi, kiri-ishi 切石

- 弁慶と牛若丸がやってきた。道をさえぎる石を切ろうとして、弁慶は太刀を使ったが、石に傷をつけただけであった。次に金剛力がやってみると、石は見事に一刀両断にされた。
- 義経が弁慶らを伴って京都から鎌倉に向かっている時、ある石に弁慶が薙刀で切りかかったが、それは切れなかった。代わって義経が切りつけると、見事に真二つに切れてしまった。
- 源義経が頼朝に追われている時、通った道に大きな石があったので先に勧めなかった。弁慶が薙刀で切りつけたが、割れなかった。次に義経がやってみると石は真っ２つになった。

komaishi, koma ishi 駒石
弁慶が道を塞いでいる大石を切りつけようとすると、義経が駒に乗って見物していた石が駒石である。今でも蹄の跡が残る。石の平らな面に、浅い円形の凹があるものが駒石である。

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Nara 奈良県
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大柳生町 Oyagyucho

Tokiwa Gozen 常盤御前
She gave birth to Yoshitsune at the temple 不自由寺.
Tokiwabuchi 常盤淵
- 産ケ淵は、たらい淵、常盤淵ともいい、常盤御前がこの岩のくぼみで牛若丸に産湯をつかわせたという。
- 藤の森は、常盤御前が牛若丸を生んだところという。

牛若丸から習った棒術　添上郡柳生村柳生
柳生藩の棒術長谷川流の祖、長谷川金右衛門が、甞て奈良からの帰り、大柳生村を通ると、子供の泣声が、夜更けの山中に聞こえた。それは、常磐御前が、牛若丸を産み落として、旅の苦労をして居るのだった。金右衛門は不憫に思って、親子を柳生の宅に連れ帰り、牛若丸を養育してやった。此の縁故によって、後に牛若丸が鞍馬山に居た時、金右衛門は彼山で再会し、棒術を伝えられた。それが此の流儀だと云う。
今も大柳生には、常磐の森があり、産湯の淵があり、当時不自由であったというので、不自由寺と称する寺もある。（橋本春陵）
source : kamado.net/den_yamato/soekami_den
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吉野郡 Yoshino district

Yoshitsune no uma 義経の馬 The Horse of Yoshitsune
大台山中に義経の馬がいる。正体は年老いた大かもしかだという。

Yoshino, 龍門村 Ryumon mura
akuryyoo 悪霊
義経淵は、義経がここで野宿して敵に殺されたため、今でもその悪霊が現われるという。岩の上に義経の寝た跡、馬の寝た跡が残っているという。

Obamine no Ipponashi 伯母峯の一本足 ?His horse Ipponashi
- 一本足は義経の馬であったが、人を食うようになったので家臣に鉄砲で射られた。そして熊野の湯へ養生に行った。使われた鉄砲は正月の何日かに格闘を思い出して汗をかくという。
- 一本足は、寝ない子を脅すときに母親が用いたりする。一本足は義経の馬との混合型であるとも言われる。

Ippondatara, Ippon-datara 一本ダタラ - Ippon tatara
at the pass 伯母峠 Obamine
in Wakayama, 北山村
伯母峠に一本ダタラと呼ばれる、片目片耳の馬のような姿をした恐ろしいものがいて、義経の放った馬の化身だと言われた。普通の人は襲ったが、郵便屋さんは襲わない。特に12月20日に伯母峠を通るといけない。

Now Ippon-Datara is a Yokai monster.
Ippon-Datara is a Persona of the Hermit arcana. It specializes in Darkness element attacks.

- quote -
According to some stories, an Ippon Datara is a very skillful blacksmith, giving them two possible origins:
-- Ghost of a blacksmith banished from his village (losing an eye or a limb wasn't uncommon hazard).
-- Manifestation of Ameno-me-Hitotsu, kami of the forge, metalcraft, and blacksmithing.

User with this ability either is or can transform into a Ippon Datara, one-legged mountain spirit with appearance of either human-like or a huge pillar. Regardless they have a single eye on like a Cyclops, a massive body and only one leg. Normally they don't show themselves to humans and let only their presence be felt, but at certain times they may become aggressive.
- source : powerlisting.wikia.com -

. - yookai, yōkai 妖怪 Yokai monsters - .
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- source : nichibun yokai database -
15 義経
牛若丸 - ウシワカマル

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- - - - - H A I K U - - - - -

夏草や兵どもが夢の跡
natsukusa ya tsuwamono-domo ga yume no ato

Matsuo Basho　松尾芭蕉　in Hiraizumi

This famous haiku gave rise to many discussions.

Yoshitsune ki 義経忌 Yoshitsune Memorial Day
(1159 – June 15, 1189) - - - kigo for mid-summer

. natsukusa ya tsuwamono-domo ga yume no ato .

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- Reference - 源の義経 -

- Reference - English -

. Introducing Japanese Haiku Poets .

- - - #yoshitsune #ushiwakamaru #minamotonoyoshitsune - - -
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- quote -
Hitachibō Kaison (常陸坊海尊) - Formerly a disciple from 園城寺 Onjō-ji, (or maybe at 比叡山 Heiizan) he once served Yoshitsune's brother. However, after a minor disagreement with his master, he fled to Yoshitsune in Hiraizumi. A clumsy monk who was prone to make several mistakes, he was known as the lovable coward among Yoshitsune's followers. Kaison took a liking to Yoshitsune's courage and quickly adhered to his master. He was also argued to have been Benkei's partner in crime as they shared similar upbringings.
. . . . . Learning from Shōshun and Benkei that Yoritomo had ordered his death, Yoshitsune had Shōshun executed. Reluctant to turn his arms against his brother yet wanting to survive, Yoshitsune finally decided to take action by heading towards his known supporters in the west. He set sail with Saburō, Benkei, Kaison, and 500 men to brave the waves on November 3. Kaison, who used his former pirate experience to man the boats for his lord, spotted a furious storm blocking their path. Benkei identified the storm's source to be souls of the departed Heike, refusing to allow Yoshitsune back to the west and pushing him towards Yoritomo. Although Yoshitsune had ordered his men to endure, the grudge of the spirits was too powerful and his entourage was forced to land back on shore.
. . . . . While they were captured, Yoshitsune tearfully met with the head priest of Miidera. On the head priest's advice, Yoshitsune and his men hid their armor and weapons to disguise themselves as monks. Benkei and Kaison helped instruct their master to properly look and act the part, though it broke their hearts to see their lord in such a state. Within a week or so, a hundred warrior monks nearby Yoshino banded to escort Yoshitsune.
. . . . . Yoshitsune rested quietly within his mansion in 衣川 Koromogawa, a month after Yasuhira read Yoritomo's order. His thirty or so loyal retainers were casually dancing until they spotted a troop of five hundred readily armed soldiers marching towards their position. At once, Benkei famously armed himself with a large pole arm (Iwatooushi) and coordinated the men to prepare their defenses. Their numbers were few and the squadrons barely consisted numbers in the double digits. The following day, Yoshitsune's loyal retainers fought bravely until their last, serving as the final resting place for Saburō, Yoshihisa, and others. Kaison was set up with eleven men but he fled on the morning of the attack.
He would forever be ridiculed in folklore as the lone survivor, the lone traitor.
. . . . . Yoshitsune is considered the first ninja in history and is heralded as a hero by the nearby townsfolk. The protagonist can then visit his tomb to loot his treasured sword and armor. A tengu wing can also be spotted beside his belongings.
One of Yoshitsune's trusted companions whilst living, Hitachibo Kaison, protects his grave from trespassers.
- source : koei.wikia.com/wiki/Yoshitsune -

Tales about Hitachibo Kaison are recorded in the following records:
『源平盛衰記』Genpei Josuiki, 『義経記』Yoshitsune Ki and 『平家物語』Heike Monogatari.

After the death of Yoshitsune, legend tells, Kaison attained furoo fushi不老不死 eternal youth and immortality and lived at least for 400 more years. Therefore the date of his death is not known.

In the beginning of the Edo period, there lived an old man named 残夢 Zanmu, talking about the Genpei War, so people thought he was Kaison.
This is recorded in the 本朝神社考 Honcho Jisha Ko by 林羅山 Hayashi Razan.

Some legends in Iwate, 洋野町 Hirono town tell about his grave being there, even with a stone marker 石碑.

In Tochigi, 真岡市 Mooka town at the temple 遍照寺 Henjo-Ji, old records talk about Kaison, bringing the son of Yoshitsune named 経若丸 Tsunewakamaru to Lord 伊達朝宗 Date Tomomura (1129 - 1199), 常陸入道念西 Hitachi Nyudo Nensai 宗村 Munemura.
Date Tomomura is the founder of the Date clan 伊達氏初代.

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. Aoso Jinja　青麻神社 "Green Hemp Shrine", Miyagi, Sendai .
Old names of this shrine are
青麻岩戸三光宮 Aosa Iwado Sanko no Miya、
青麻権現社 Asao Gongen Sha 、嵯峨神社 Saga Jinja
三光神社 Sanko Jinja "Shrine of the three Light Rays"

Kaison is venerated at Aoso Jinja as a deity to heal eye diseases 眼病の神.

A farmer named 久作 Kyusaku, who was almost blind, came to pray for healing to Aoso Shrine every day. In the year 1682 天和2年4月1日 on the first day of the fourth month at ushi no koku 丑の刻 the double-hour of the bull (a mysterious time after midnight) he suddenly could see again.
The first thing he saw clearly was a strange old man with white hair, who said his name was Hitachibo Kaison, who told him:
ここを日月星三光の窟とたたえよ、目を明かにしてやるぞ!
And then his eyes were healed.
Kaison believed in the power of the star constellations 日月星, seishin 星辰, and told him to build a sanctuary near the cave named
Iwado Sankooguu 岩戸三光宮 Iwado Sanko Gu Shrine.

Iwado Sankooguu 岩戸三光宮 Iwado Sanko Gu Memorial Stone

Once Hitachibo roamed upstream of the river Koromogawa in Hiraizumi and stayed at the nome of an old man. The man gave him red meat of a well-tasting fish and after that he attained eternal youth and immortality.
(See the legend of the nun Shii Bikuni about eating meat of long life.)
He later came to use the name of Seietsu Sennin.

Seietsu Sennin 清悦仙人

Around the time of 1620 , there lived a strange old monk named 清悦 Seietsu. He was from Kyoto but came to Tohoku on request of Yoshitsune.
One day he went fishing to the river 衣川 Koromogawa and a strange man living in a cave gave him some red meat to eat. It is said this would make a human live a long life 三光をしのぐ長寿になる. So he kept alive to our time, they say!

The Legends and stories of Seietsu, 清悦物語 Seietsu Monogatari, tell his strange life.
It reports he lived for more than 400 years was even invited by 伊達氏 Lord Date.
He is also known as
無名翁 Mumei-O (The Old Man without a Name) or 気散 Kisan.
He even met with Hitachibo Kaison. Other Legends say he WAS Hitachibo.

- source : success/kaison_play -

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Matsuo Basho - Oku no Hosomichi - 奥の細道 - おくのほそ道

. - - - Station 28 - Mogamigawa 最上川 - - - .

Sennindoo　仙人堂 Sennin Do (外川神社 Togawa Jinja）
This Hall is upstream from Shiraito Waterfall. It is a shrine in honor of Yoshitsune's retainer Hitachibo Kaison.

"I saw the Cascade of Silver Threads sparkling through the green leaves and the Temple called Sennindo仙人堂
standing close to the shore."

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Fukushima 会津若松市 Aizu Wakamatsu

Kaison is a person from the Heian period, but some say he lived more than 400 years.
In a dream around the year 1588 he saw 天海僧正 Saint Tenkai eating nameshi 菜飯 rice with leaves. Tenkai told him to eat kuko meshi 枸杞飯 rice with wolfberry Lycium rhombifolium.
More than 130 after that a strange old man appeared, called 残月 Zangetsu and talked about the story of Yoshitsune and Hitachibo Kaison.

. Tenkai 天海 - Jigen 慈眼 (1536 - 1643)
He was close to Tokugawa Ieyasu and built the temple Kanei-Ji in Ueno.

. wolfsberry クコ【枸杞 kuko 】 Lycium rhombifolium .

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Gunma 伊香保町 Ikaho

chisen 地仙 The Local Saint
上州伊香保にある温泉に1人の樵がいたが、周りの住人は彼の年齢を知らなかった。その地の古老が言うには、彼は源義経の旗指で、奥州合戦の時に義経とともに蝦夷の地に逃げた。義経は彼の忠勤を称えて、常陸坊海尊の伝えていた灸の技術を彼に伝え、彼はそれによって地仙となり長寿を得たという。

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Iwate 釜石市 Kamaishi

常龍山光学寺の大徳塚は何を祀ったものか誰も知らなかった。あるとき山伏が塚に参っているので寺の僧が塚の主を問うと、山伏は亀井六郎の墓であると答え、義経一行のことを事細かに語った。山伏は常陸坊海尊だったろうということになった。

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Miyagi 白石町 Shiroishi - see also Shiroishi Hot Spring below

阿子島屋という古い呉服屋にいた老人は超長寿で、甲州流の秘法とされる戦場沓の製法を知っていたり、元禄3年に107歳で死んだ天鑑和尚が15、6歳の頃にはすでに老人で経を教えていたり、家康の時代に暦にすでに暦の誤りが指摘されていたことを知っていたり、元禄5年の火事を呪文で水を呼んで鎮めたりしたといわれている。元禄6年に死んだと言われているこの老人は常陸坊海尊だと信じられている。
- - -
Sendai 宮城野区

源義経の家臣であった常陸坊海尊は仙人になり、元亀天正のころ、関東や信越地方で源平合戦や奥州落ちの様子を詳細に語ったという。不思議な道士風で、年齢は500歳にも及んだといわれている。
- - -
常龍山光学寺の大徳塚は何を祀ったものか誰も知らなかった。あるとき山伏が塚に参っているので寺の僧が塚の主を問うと、山伏は亀井六郎の墓であると答え、義経一行のことを事細かに語った。山伏は常陸坊海尊だったろうということになった。

阿子島屋という古い呉服屋にいた老人は超長寿で、甲州流の秘法とされる戦場沓の製法を知っていたり、元禄3年に107歳で死んだ天鑑和尚が15、6歳の頃にはすでに老人で経を教えていたり、家康の時代に暦にすでに暦の誤りが指摘されていたことを知っていたり、元禄5年の火事を呪文で水を呼んで鎮めたりしたといわれている。元禄6年に死んだと言われているこの老人は常陸坊海尊だと信じられている。

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Yamagata 最上郡 Mogami

etsunagitsune 飯綱狐 / エツナギツネ
瓶割山は判官の北の方がお産をしたところである。その歳、常陸坊海尊が飯綱狐を使って安産させたといわれている。信州の飯綱山、京の稲荷山の飯綱狐は陀吉尼（だきに）天の法であるが、仙台の飯綱三郎は海尊が残したものであるという。明治の頃、禅僧が瀬見に宿泊したとき、不思議な老人に狐を預けられた。楕円形の重い石で、石の膚理が狐9疋の形になっている。今は秋鹿郡石巻の小西九兵衛という人が珍蔵している。

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Shiira bikuni シイラ比丘尼 The Nun Shiira

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Iwate, 釜石　Kamaishi - and Miyagi 南三陸町 Minami Sanriku

One day a fisherman went fishing near Hiraizumi, when a strange old man living in a cave gave him a strange red fish to eat.
His companion 五郎三郎 Gorosaburo did not eat the fish meat but took it home with him and told everyone not to eat it. His young daughter of 6 years named シイラ Shiira was so tempted to eat this meat, she did not listen to her father's warning and ate it.
After this Shiira never died and lived as a nun for at least 200 years. Now nobody knows where she is.
The old man is said to have been 海尊仙人 Kaison Sennin.

After the death of 平泉の秀衡 Lord Hidehira in Hiraizumi, his retainer Gorosaburo took his life to follow his master, as was the custom of the times.
The wife of Gorosaburo took their young daughter Shiira and hid at 本吉郡の竹島 Takeshima Island in the Motoyoshi district.
The Heavenly Nymph at the Cave of the same name at Takeshima island 竹島の天女洞 refers to the girl Shiira, who lived more than 250 years, always looking like a woman in her forties.

Togura 戸倉 - Takeshima 竹島
Different from the other islands in the inlay, this island is of a soft white rock.

shiira鱰／鱪 / シイラ is the name of the common dolphin, Coryphaena hippurus.

- - - - - Legends of a similar kind are told about
yao bikuni 八百比丘尼 a young nun for 800 years
- and -
. sennen bikuni 千年比丘尼 a young nun for 1000 years .
never growing old, because once she ate the meat of a "human-fish" .
The "human fish"人魚 (ningyo) is most probably a Dugong.
Whoever eats its meat will live for 1000 years without changing his/her features.

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Hitachibo Kaison Sennin常陸坊海尊仙人 Legends
- source : nichibun yokai database -

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- quote -
Obara Onsen 小原温泉
Legend has it that in the late Heian era, Hitachibo Kaison (a retainer of Minamoto no Yoshitsune) discovered Obara Onsen. This hot spring is commonly known as [Me-ni-Obara].
The Obara Onsen that is nestle close to the upstream of the Shiroishi River and v-shaped valley is said to be discovered by Minamoto no Yoshitsune’s retainer • Hitachino Boukaison. In the 800 years since its discovering, the hot spring has since heal countless people.
The colourless and odourless spring water heals illness. The name of “Me-ni-Obara” is very famous and guests from all over Japan come here in seek of the ravine water.
Shiroishi City is the gate to Zao area in Miyagi。白石温泉 Shiroishi Onsen
- source : shiroishi-navi.jp -

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常陸坊海尊についての一考察
- Reference - success/kaison -

- Reference - English -

. Introducing Japanese Haiku Poets .

- - - #hitachibokaison #kaisonhitachibo - - -
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He studied at the famous school

. 足利学校 Ashikaga Gakkō, The Ashikaga School .
Japan's oldest academic institution. It is located in Ashikaga city, Tochigi Prefecture ...
Founded ca. 832 in the Heian period by the poet Ono no Takamura 小野篁.

He studied Chinese Medicine but applied it individually to the needs of his patients, after taking the pulse and talking to the sick person.
. kanpoo 漢方 Chinese Medicine .

He never demanded money for his treatment and looked at the poor and the rich with equal diligence. He travelled a lot to various parts and patients in Japan.

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医の旅路はるか -曲直瀬道三とその師田代三喜篇
- - - 曲直瀬玄朔と聖医父曲直瀬道三篇
服部忠弘

A novel about "travelling in the footsteps of Doctor Manase"
He treated the Ashikaga Shogun, Lord Mori Motonari and even Oda Nobunaga. But always came back to treat the people of the cities where he passed.

足利将軍、毛利元就、信長も舌を巻いた室町・安土桃山期の天下一の名医、曲直瀬道三の足跡をたどる。

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- quote -
曲直瀬道三（まなせどうさん)
(永正4年9月18日（1507年10月23日） - 文禄3年1月4日（1594年2月23日））は、戦国時代から安土桃山時代の日本の医師。道三は号。諱は正盛（しょうせい）。字は一渓。他に雖知苦斎（すいちくさい）、翠竹庵（すいちくあん）、啓迪庵（けいてきあん）など。本姓は元は源氏、のち橘氏。今大路家の祖。日本医学中興の祖として田代三喜・永田徳本などと並んで「医聖」と称される。養子[1]に曲直瀬玄朔。
- snip -
神麴の処方応用 shingiku treatment
日本で本格的な神麴の製剤と処方は戦国期で、他の本草とともに漢籍を参考にして道三独自の治験結果をよりどころとし、新たに実証的に精選されたもので、在来のそれとの関わりは認められない｡しかも道三流医術の普及により広く実地医療に役立つ神麴の処方応用例は当代医療を代表とする特色のある新技術ととして評価される.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

神麴 shingiku treatment
Garland Chrysanthemum
In Traditional Chinese Medicine the herb corrects imbalances in liver and kidney function that cause issues with the eyes, and dizziness.
Garland chrysanthemum – which is known as Shingiku in Japan, Choy Suey Green in old Chinatown, Tong Hao in China, and Crown Daisy in England – is a healthy, edible plant native to East Asia.
- source : healwithfood.org -

- - - His main publications - - -
Benshō haizai itō (弁証配剤医灯)
Hyakufuku zusetsu (百腹図説)
Keiteki-shū (啓迪集)
Shinkyū shūyō (鍼灸集要)
Shinmyaku kuden-shū (診脈口伝集)
Shōshin-shū (正心集)
Yakushō nōdoku (薬性能毒)
Manase Dōsan zenshū (曲直瀬道三全集) Complete Works of Dosan

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Manase Dosan (the Elder) and leprosy
The aim of this paper is to describe the main features of Manase Dosan's (1507-1594) study and treatment of leprosy. Contrary to general medical opinion in the Middle Ages that leprosy was the result of divine retribution.
Dosan viewed leprosy as simply another disease and treated it accordingly from a medical perspective. Furthermore, the commonly held belief from the latter half of the 17th century onwards amongst Early Modern era doctors and also the general populace that leprosy was a hereditary disease, was not considered by Dosan.
The foregoing two points can be explained by his rational approach to medicine, plus the fact that leprosy at the time was widely prevalent amongst all areas of society, not just restricted to particular households. It is thus fair to say that Dosan's medical philosophy reflected the state of Japanese society during the transition from medieval to the Early Modern period. It should be noted, however, that Dosan's view that leprosy was caused by meat-eating and overindulgence in sex gave rise to a new, negative image of the disease, and in so doing tied in with the Early Modern era prejudices against "lust", "intemperance" and "laziness."
Nihon Ishigaku Zasshi. 1995
- source : National Center for Biotechnology Information -

Medical thought of Dosan Manase's early years. (1)
The meaning of the work "Toryu".
Dosan Manase was a famous Japanese doctor in the Muromachi era and was in the vanguard of the Goseiha school of Sino-Japanese traditional medicine. In his "Shinmyakukudenshu" we found an interesting account to explain the meaning of the word "Toryu", which was often found in the medical books written in Dosan's early years.
This word signifies "our school" in a general sense, but in this book Dosan used it with the additional meaning of his medical thought originating in Zhu dan xi who was a famous Chinese doctor in the Yuan age. In addition, he mentioned in the same book that Toryu was introduced from China into Japan by Dodo, succeeded by Sanki and propagated by himself.
Moreover our extensive investigation of other medical literature showed that Dosan, in his early years, tried to develop a system of medical thought on the basis of that of Zhu dan xi. This is worthy of note because it differs considerably from the stance adopted in Dosan's later years : while he valued Zhu dan xi, he referred to many medical books by various authors, and tried not to favour any particular school.
Nihon Ishigaku Zasshi. 1999
- source : National Center for Biotechnology Information -

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- quote
ein japanischer Arzt, der im Zeitalter der streitenden Reiche (戦国時代, Sengoku-jidai) auf die Entwicklung der Medizin in Japan einen entscheidenden Einfluss ausübte und neben Nagata Tokuhon und Tashiro Sanki zu den „Drei verehrungswürdigen Ärzten“ (三聖, sansei) im Umbruch zur Frühmoderne zählt. Auf ihn geht die „Schulrichtung des späteren Zeitalters“ (後世派, Gosei-ha auch 後世方派, Goseihō-ha) zurück.
- - - Leben
Manase hatte schon in der Kindheit seine Eltern verloren. 1516 trat er in den Shōkoku-Tempel (Shōkoku-ji), einen Zen-Tempel in Kyōto ein, wo er als Bettelmönch lebte. In dieser Zeit änderte er seinen Namen Tachibana (橘) zu Manase.
1528 ging er an die „Ashikaga-Schule“, eine der ältesten akademischen Einrichtungen des Landes, in der man Konfuzianismus, chinesische Medizin, Kriegswissenschaften, I Ging usw. lehrte. Hier gewann Manase Interesse an der Heilkunde. Nach einer Begegnung mit dem berühmten Arzt Tashiro Sanki wurde er dessen Schüler und befasste sich vor allem mit den Lehren der chinesischen Mediziner Li Gao (李杲), alias Li Dōngyuán (李東垣, 1180–1251) und Zhū Dānxī (朱丹溪, 1281–1358).

1546 kehrte Manase nach Kyōto zurück und praktizierte als Arzt. Nach einer erfolgreichen Behandlung des Shōgun Ashikaga Yoshiteru gewann er weitere hochrangige Patienten wie die Kriegsherren Hosokawa Harumoto (細川晴元), Miyoshi Nagayoshi (三好長慶) und Matsunaga Hisahide (松永久秀) und großes Ansehen. Schließlich gründete er die „Aufklärungsakademie“ (啓迪院, Keiteki-in). Die Behandlung von Mōri Motonari während eines Feldzuges führte zu der Schrift „Abendgespräche im Schnee-Feldlager“ (雲陣夜話, Setsujin yawa). 1574 verfasste er sein bekanntestes Werk, die „Keiteki-Sammlung“ (啓迪集, Keiteki-shū). Der Tennō Ōgimachi, dem er die Schrift nach einer Behandlung überreichte, beauftragte den Zen-Mönch Sakugen Shūryō mit einem Vorwort und gewährte Manase den Ehrennamen „Grünbambus Halle“ (翠竹院, Suichiku-in). Unter den namhaften Patienten finden wir auch Oda Nobunaga, einen der mächtigsten Feldherren jener Zeit.

Manase zog hunderte von Schülern an, die seine Lehren und Schriften weit verbreiteten. Ob er, wie es in Briefen der Jesuiten heißt, im Jahre 1584 anlässlich einer Behandlung des italienischen Missionars Gnecchi-Soldo Organtino zum Christentum übertrat und sich taufen ließ, ist umstritten. Fest steht allerdings, dass eine große Zahl seiner Schüler christliche Taufnamen führte.

Manase starb 1594 im Alter von 88 Jahren, posthum ein weiteres Mal geehrt durch die Ernennung zum Hofarzt im zweiten Rang. Der von ihm adoptierte Neffe Gensaku (曲直瀬玄朔, Manase Gensaku, 1549–1632) und dessen Nachfahren setzten über Generationen Dōsans ärztliche Tradition fort.

Manase begann eine vorsichtige Loslösung von der vor allem durch die Klöster betriebenen chinesischen Medizin und strebte zugleich eine Systematisierung an. Seine oft ausführlichen Krankengeschichten belegen die starke Betonung der Rolle von Beobachtung und Erfahrung. In diesem Punkt bereitete er eine stärkere Eigenständigkeit der japanischen Medizin vor.
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- Reference - Japanese -
- Reference - English -

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[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
. Neo-Confucianism in the Edo period .
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Nakae Tooju, Nakae Tōju 中江藤樹 Nakae Toju
(21 April 1608 – 11 October 1648)

info

- quote
a Japanese Confucian philosopher known as "the sage of Ōmi"近江聖人.
Nakae
was a feudal retainer who lived during the Tokugawa shogunate. He taught that the highest virtue was filial piety (kō), and acted upon this, giving up his official post in 1634 in order to return to his home in Takashima, Ōmi to care of his mother. He distinguished, however, between sho-kō and dai-kō: lesser and greater filial piety.
Sho-kō involves the normal care owed by children to their parents;
dai-kō involves the notion that our human parents are themselves the children of the divine parents — thus, if one's parents are wrong, then one should encourage them to return to virtue.

He was unusual in believing that his teaching would be useful to women as well as men. While accepting the then standard view of women as usually lacking such virtues as compassion and honesty, he argued: "if a wife's disposition is healthy and pious, obedient, sympathetic and honest, then ... every member of her family will be at peace and the entire household in perfect order."

Nakae originally followed the teachings of the Chinese neo-Confucian philosopher Zhu Xi, but eventually became more influenced by Wang Yangming (1472–1529), who argued for the primacy of human intuition or conscience over intellect: moral improvement arises out of conscience-based action (compare Aristotle's ethics). Nakae added a more religious aspect to Wang's "School of Intuition of Mind", calling the human conscience the "divine light of heaven". Nakae's works also supplied his followers (such as Kumazawa Banzan [1619–1691]) with "the moral foundation for political action".

- - - - - Selected works
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Toju Nakae, OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly 130+ works in 200 publications in 5 languages and 740+ library holdings.

1650 -- Dialogue with the elder (Okina mondō 翁問答 (1831)).
藤樹遺稿 (1795)
藤樹全書: 中江藤樹先生遺稿 (1893)
中江藤樹文集 (1914)
孝經五種 (1925)
Nakae Tōju sensei zenshu (1928)
鑑草; 附・春風; 陰騭 (1939)
藤樹先生全集 (1940)
中江藤樹・熊沢蕃山集 (1966)
中江藤樹 (1974)
中江藤樹・熊沢蕃山 (1976)
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中江藤樹とは

著書 - His Main Works
大学啓蒙（1628年）
持敬図説（1638年）
原人（1638年）
論語郷党啓蒙翼伝（1639年）
翁問答（1640年）
孝経啓蒙（1642年）
小医南針（1643年）
神方奇術（1644年）
鑑草（1647年）
大学考（1647年）
大学解（1647年）
中庸解（1647年）
中庸続解（1647年）

- - - - - A page about Nakae, including
翁問答
鑑草
教え
陽明学
藤樹神社 - Toju Jinja
中江藤樹生誕400年記念映画
大洲藩
熊沢蕃山
明徳出版社
- source : www.touju.jp -

Shrine 藤樹神社 Toju Jinja
69 Adogawacho Kamiogawa, Takashima, Shiga

He is the deity in residence 祭神.
創建
神社の創建に際しては、すべて寄附金でまかなわれ、寄附者は日本全国はもちろんのこと中国や朝鮮にまで及んだ。
おもな宝物としては久邇宮良子女王（香惇皇后）の御作文「吾が敬慕する人物中江藤樹」　藤樹直筆の書翰「送佃子」をはじめ熊沢蕃山や佐藤一斎の書。
さらに「藤樹先生全集」校正本等数多くある。

中江藤樹のことば ― 素読用 - by 中江彰

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The Loss of Filial Piety Led to the Bankruptcy of the Nation.
The spirit of Toju Nakae
pointed out that efforts had been made to dismantle Japanese culture after the Second World War. This included a demolition of the Japanese household system. This household system was based on the tenets of ‘filial piety’, and the army of the occupation eradicated the filial piety that Confucians advocated. The military also eliminated the teachings on memorial services to ancestors that have been taught by Buddhism and Shintoism.

Toju analysed the root cause of the budget deficit, which an increase in social security caused. It has become a major issue in contemporary politics, and he said that politicians currently report on the problem with pensions, healthcare, and medical treatments, but if they were all to re-establish the concept of ‘filial piety’, then the ultimate result would not be a national bankruptcy, which many leaders predict for the future of Japan.

- - - - - Edo Japan Surpassed China
With regard to current educational problems, he pointed out a lack of moral education. Toju said that the present-day system excessively trivializes morals, and teachers are increasingly unable to address them.

He added, moreover, that with regard to the absence of religious convictions as a basis for morality, most of society has lost their faith and spirituality. The general public has become spineless, and the country is in a miserable state now. He expressed teachers firstly need to develop their religious faith.
Toju also expressed criticism with respect to the abolition of high school tuition fees, implemented by the then ruling Democratic Party, and said what at first glance seemed like a good idea, could also be viewed as a further trivialization of the educational system. According to Toju, there is nothing worse than a free education. Even for a poor family, one of the greatest pleasures afforded to a parent once used to be the ability to spend money on tuition and get a child into a good school.

In addition, Toju elaborated on the historical significance of the popularity of Confucianism during the Edo Period. Toju emphasized how Japanese academic prowess had already surpassed that of China by the Edo Period. He remarked, “During the Edo Period, advances in Japanese scholarship surpassed those of China, Confucianism’s country of origin. This cultural background supported the Meiji Restoration. Scholarship actually took the place of the Edo class system. The academics of Japan are highly advanced and surpassed that of China. And the people of the Edo period developed a culture which became a model for the world.”

Toju Nakae was a pioneer in creating the advancement of Confucian culture during the Edo Period, and his spirit revealed that he was also a major player around the time of the founding of Japan (he was formerly Ame no minaka nushi no kami, the Lord of the August Center of Heaven). Furthermore, this Shinto god guided Confucius (from the spirit world). It reincarnated as Toju Nakae, the founder of the Japanese version of Neo-Confucianism, which Wang Yangming originally established in China, and Toju became a catalyst for the creation of Japan’s spiritual spine. Through this lineage, the patriots of the Meiji Restoration such as Shoin Yoshida were born.
- reference source : eng.the-liberty.com -

. Yoshida Shōin　吉田松陰 Yoshida Shoin . (1830 - 1859)
"A Most Audacious Young Man"

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Tooju shoin 藤樹書院 Toju Private School, Toju Study
滋賀県高島市安曇川町上小川 211 - Shiga, Takashima, Adogawa

Nakae Toju was born a peasant farmer's son in 1608, which was eight years after the battle of Sekigahara. At the age of nine, he was adopted by his grandfather who served under the Yonago Clan and taken to Yonago (in present Tottori Prefecture) leaving his parents. When he was eleven years old, his family moved to Ozu in Shikoku according to their lord's dominion transfer. It was the time when Toju determined his course of life to accomplish his learning.
Diligent Toju taught his theory even to his peers. While doing so, he passed no single day without turning his thoughts toward his mother living lonely in his native village. He therefore made up his mind to resign his post and return home to be with her when he was twenty-seven. Many people who adored Toju's attractive personality also moved to the village on after another being eager to learn from him.
Making every effort to make his mother relieved, he further deepened his study together with his disciples (he called them "Doshi" (Comrade) and interacted with local villagers equally to show them the right direction of life to which they should proceed. In 1648, he ended his life as young as forty-one years old.
Toju was the first Japanese who was titled as "Saint." He sympathized with Wang Yang-Ming's thoughts in the beginning, then developed it into his original way and established his own school. This is the reason why he has been respected as the founder of Japan's Yang-Ming-ism.

His family name was Nakae; original personal name was Gen; Chinese style name was Korenaga; commonly known name was Yoemon; and pseudonym was Mokken and Koken.
He set up the school regulations of Toju Shoin and named it "Toju-ki" after an old wisteria in the premises. According to this, his disciples and villagers respectfully called him "Master Toju. (Master Wisteria)"

"Ai-kei" (reverence)
Toju believed that reverence is an essential idea we should always retain inside our mind.
"Chi-Ryo-Chi"
Every man was born with a beautiful mind called "Ryo-Chi."

- - - - - History of Toju Shoin
Toju built a simple schoolhouse in the premises and instituted the school rules, "Toju-ki," when he was thirty-two years old, which was five years after his return from Ozu. His disciples built a new lecture hall afterwards, which was half a year before Toju ended his short life at the age of forty-one.
At the very time when his followers were about to succeed Toju's theory systematically, the Omizo Clan, which ruled this area, ordered them to dissolve the school and go out of the area. It was because the authorities could not permit them getting together to learn the spirit of "Chi-Ryo-Chi" before the political constitution of Japan was established.
Under the difficult condition, the followers secretly continued their meetings. It was not until about seventy years after Toju's death that their activity was publicly resumed. After this turning point, many literates from around the country visited here to give lectures, and in 1796, the Emperor Kokaku named the lecture hall "Tokuhon-do."
Many volunteers such as Kumazawa Banzan, Toju's direct disciple and a distinguished Confucian in the 17th century, had cherished Toju Shoin. In 1880, however, their effort turned out in vain as it was burnt down because of a big fire that consumed the whole village. The villagers managed to save the treasures from the fire, and two years later, they reconstructed a tentative lecture hall that has existed to this day. They abandoned their burning house and took a risk to carry out all the properties kept in Toju Shoin, such as treasures, daily necessaries, and books.
Moreover, the faithful villagers hoped to reconstruct the hall before they built their new house.

Annual events of Toju Shoin
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Bou： Appearance
Interact with others respectfully in peaceful appearance.
Gen： Speech
Speak to others in the way you are comfortably received.
Shi： Sight
Look at others and things respectfully and warmheartedly.
Cho： Hearing
Listen to others sympathetically from the speaker's point of view.
Shi： Consideration
Understand and think of others respectfully.

- source : city.takashima.shiga.jp -

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- - - - - H A I K U - - - - -

鯉涼し藤樹書院の門川に
koi suzushi Tooju shoin no kadogawa ni

the carp feel so cool
at the river near the gate
of the Toju School

山方美智子 Yamagata Michiko

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Uchimura Kanzo 内村鑑三「代表的日本人」を読む
西郷隆盛・上杉鷹山・二宮尊徳・中江藤樹・日蓮

Representative Men of Japan (English Edition)

Uchimura Kanzō内村鑑三
(March 26, 1861 – March 28, 1930) was a Japanese author, Christian evangelist, and the founder of the Nonchurch Movement (Mukyōkai) of Christianity in the Meiji and Taishō period Japan.
He is often considered to be the most well-known Japanese pre-World War II pacifist.
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Adogawa town 安曇川町 Adogawa and Nakae - Photo collection
Statue of Nakae Toju expressing filial piety for his mother. and more . . .
- reference : photoguide.jp/pix -

- Reference - 中江藤樹 -
- Reference - English -

. Neo-Confucianism in the Edo period .

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Kani Saizô was born in the town of Kani in Gifu.
He was originally a vassal of the Saitô in Mino province. When Saitô Tatsuoki was defeated by Oda Nobunaga, Saizô joined the Shibata clan, which he later left to serve Akechi Mitsuhide. After Mitsuhide's defeat at the Battle of Yamazaki, he joined Oda Nobutaka until Nobutaka, too, was killed (1583). Saizô eventually joined Toyotomi Hidetsugu, and then, following Hidetsugu's fall, went to serve Maeda Toshiie. Eventually, he ended up with Fukushima Masanori 福島正則 , under whom he would serve at the Battle of Sekigahara.
He is best remembered for his taking of 16 heads at Sekigahara - probably the most for any one single warrior at that battle. Rather than bring the heads back to camp one by one, Saizô marked them as his own by stuffing their mouths with bamboo grass (sasa).
It is said that upon hearing of his deeds at the post battle gathering, Tokugawa Ieyasu nicknamed him 'Sasasaizô' - Bamboo grass Saizô.
- source : wiki.samurai-archives.com

- - - - - 笹の才蔵 Sasa no Saizo / 笹野才蔵 Sasano Saizo

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可児才蔵 - 志木沢郁 - Shikisawa Kaoru (1955 - )

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. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .

The Bean Paste Jizo of Temple Saizo-Ji, Hiroshima
広島のみそ地蔵（広島県広島市東山）

There is a temple in Hiroshima, Higashiyama, where people bring a flat pack of miso (bean paste), put it on the head of a seated Jizo statue, say a prayer and then put it on their own head, to cure illness or pray for intelligence, to pass the school and university exams.
In the area here in Hiroshima, this Jizo is more popular than Sugawara Michizane, another deity venerated for passing school exams and promotion of learning.

The statue is in the temple Saizo-Ji, in honor of Kani Saizo, retainer of Fukushima Masanori, deeds during the war at the beginning of the Edo period.

miso can be short for noomiso, the brain, and miso jizo is a play of sounds.

Read more about Fukushima Masanori 福島正則 in my library

. Miso Jizo みそ地蔵 the Bean Curd Jizo .

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Saizooji 才蔵寺 Temple Saizo-Ji
1-11 Higashiyamacho, Higashi Ward, Hiroshima, Hiroshima

The statue of Saizo Kani was erected in November 2004.
Saizo was a master of spear fighting with the Naginata, a halberd-like spear, skilled in the "Hozoin-ryu"宝蔵院流　spearfighting style. The statue shows Saizo with his cross-shaped spear in his right hand.

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- - - - - Fukuoka 福岡県

hoosoogami 疱瘡神 Hosogami - God of Smallpox

Once Saizo saw something strange and threatening trying to come in through his window, so he jumped out of the window and killed it. It was the God of Smallpox.
People started to pray to Saizo and put his figure in their Shelf of the Gods or pasted a painting of him at the door entrance to hinder the God of Smallpox from entering their home.

笹野才蔵 Sasano Saizo (the normal spelling of Fukuoka)

Other dolls of this kind 赤坂人形 Akasaka, 博多人形 Hakata and 津屋崎人形 Tsuyasakiでも笹野才蔵.

Sasano Saizoo, Sasano Saizō 笹野才蔵 Sasano Saizo
with his monkey carrying a gohei　御幣 wand

Most dolls are made by the Nakanoko family 中ノ子家.
中ノ子吉兵衛 Nakanoko Kichibei was also a famous potter and is called the "Father of Hakata Dolls".

He was the son of a rich man in Hakata, warding off the deity of smallpox by jumping out of the window of his home to hit the monster. He is now a helpful amulet to ward off disease. Paintings of Saizo are attached to the entrance door of a home.
Dolls of Saizo are made in many parts of Northern Kyushu.

CLICK for more samples !

. Clay Dolls from Hakata 博多土人形 .

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The story of Saizo is also part of Kabuki and Noh performances.

「今様百花撰之内」「笹野才蔵」Sasano Saizo
歌川国貞 Utagawa Kunisada (1768 - 1864)

. Hosogami, Hososhin 疱瘡神 the God of Smallpox .

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- - - - - Kyoto 京都府

愛宕山奥の院 Atagoyama Oku no In

Kani Saizo was a strong believer in the Atago Deity. He even thought he was an incarnation of Tarobo the Tengu. But others thought he was just out of his mind.
In former times it was known that people who believe strongly in the Atago Deity will die on the special day dedicated to Atago 縁日の日, the 24th of each month. Legend says Saizo felt his death coming, made his preparations on the day before and then died in the evening of the Atago Day.
He died in the sixth lunar month on the 24th day 慶長18年6月24日 (1613).

. Mount Atago Yama 愛宕山 / 阿多古 Atagoyama .

. 太郎坊天狗 Tarobo Tengu .

. Hatsu Atago 初愛宕 (はつあたご) First visit to Atago .
kigo for the New Year

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- Reference - 可児才蔵 -
- Reference - English -

. Introducing Japanese Haiku Poets .

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A daimyo of Hikone (1850–1860) and also Tairō of Tokugawa Shogunate, Japan, a position he held from April 23, 1858 until his death on March 24, 1860. He is most famous for signing the Harris Treaty with the United States, granting access to ports for trade to American merchants and seamen and extraterritoriality to American citizens. He was also an enthusiastic and accomplished practitioner of the Japanese tea ceremony, in the Sekishūryū style, and his writings include at least two works on the tea ceremony.

Under Ii Naosuke’s guidance, the Tokugawa shogunate navigated past a particularly difficult conflict over the succession to the ailing and childless Tokugawa Iesada. Ii Naosuke managed to coerce the Tokugawa Shogunate to its last brief resurgence of its power and position in Japanese society before the start of the Meiji period. Ii was assassinated in the Sakuradamon incident by a group of 17 Mito and 1 Satsuma samurai on March 24, 1860.

Edo Castle's Sakurada Gate – photographed by Felix Beato, 1863–1870.

- snip -
- - - - - Tairō
In 1858 after Hotta Masayoshi’s disastrous attempt to obtain the emperor’s approval for the Harris treaty the Tokugawa Shogun, Tokugawa Iesada (徳川家定), chose Ii Naosuke to be the Tairō (Great Elder); a decision influenced by the Kii Party. The position of Tairō, a post traditionally held by members of the Ii family, was rarely filled; in fact there had only been three Tairō between 1700 and Ii Naosuke’s rise to power 158 years later. Ii’s promotion to the post of Tairō annoyed many of the shinpan daimyo (daimyo related to the Shogun, they were unable to be members of the bakufu, but in the event of the Shogun dying heirless the next Shogun would be chosen from one of the shinpan families) including Tokugawa Nariaki. As the Tairō Ii Naosuke had both prestige and power second only to the Shogun; Ii also enjoyed the full backing of the Fudai daimyo. An intelligent and capable politician Ii Naosuke was determined to restore the power of the bakufu in Japanese policy making, both in a domestic and a foreign role.
- snip -
- - - - - Kōbu gattai and the Kazunomiya marriage 公武合体
Kōbu Gattai is the policy of binding Kyoto and Edo closer together to shore up the failing shogunate with the prestige of the imperial court. This policy was to be carried out by means of a marriage between the Shogun and the Emperor’s younger sister, Princess Kazunomiya.
- snip -
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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The daimyo of Hikone Ii Naosuke　井伊直弼　had meat from Omi cows 　近江牛　prepared as misozuke, pickled in miso paste, and send it to Edo to the Tokugawa Shogun, especially also to Nariaki of Mito　水戸斉昭.
Nariaki even wrote a letter to thank for the meat.

Original from ... slia.on.arena.ne.jp/rekishi/index.html

徳川斉昭書状別紙, 嘉永元年（1848年）12月
（彦根城博物館蔵）

The beef from Hikone was also dried in the cold 「寒」の干牛肉 during the coldest month of January and then eaten as "medicine".
When Ii Naosuke was killed in the Sakuradamon incident on March 24, 1860, by a group of samurai from Mito, the shipments to Mito Tokugawa Nariaki stopped and Nariaki was quite unhappy about this turn of events.

. Eating Meat in Edo .

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Sakurada Mon 桜田門 lit. Gate of the Field of Cherry Trees

source : 桜田門外の変」を歩く

Sakurada mon is Nr. 10

The Sakuradamon Incident 桜田門外の変 Sakuradamon-gai no Hen
桜田門の変 Sakuradamon no Hen

- quote -
the assassination of Japanese Chief Minister (Tairō) Ii Naosuke (1815–1860) on 24 March 1860 by rōnin samurai of the Mito Domain, outside the Sakurada Gate of Edo Castle.

The assassination took place outside the Shogun's Edo Castle in Edo (modern Tokyo), just as Ii Naosuke was reaching the premises. Ii Naosuke had been warned about his safety, and many encouraged him to retire from office, but he refused, replying that "My own safety is nothing when I see the danger threatening the future of the country".

A total of 17 Mito rōnin ambushed Ii Naosuke together with Arimura Jisaemon (有村次左衛門), a samurai from Satsuma Domain. While an attack at the front drew the attention of the guards, a lone assassin fired one shot into the palanquin containing Ii Naosuke, with a Japanese-made Colt 1851 Navy Revolver, which had been copied from the firearms that Perry had given the Shogunate as gifts. Drawing the injured and likely paralyzed Ii Naosuke out, Arimura decapitated Ii Naosuke and then committed seppuku.
Arimura Jisaemon, on the point of committing the assassination.

The conspirators carried a manifesto on themselves, outlining the reason for their act:
- snip -
- - - - - Consequences
The popular upheaval against foreign encroachment and assassination of Ii Naosuke forced the Bakufu to soften its stance, and to adopt a compromise policy of Kōbu Gattai ("Union of the Emperor and the Shogun") suggested by Satsuma Domain and Mito Domain, in which both parties vied for political supremacy in the years to follow. This soon amplified into the violent Sonnō Jōi ("Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians") movement.

For the following years until the fall of Bakufu in 1868, Edo, and more generally the streets of Japan, would remain notably hazardous for Bakufu officials (see attack on Andō Nobumasa) and foreigners alike (Richardson murder), as the Sonno Joi movement continued to expand. According to Sir Ernest Satow: "A bloody revenge was taken on the individual [Ii Naosuke], but the hostility to the system only increased with time, and in the end brought about its complete ruin".

The conflict reached its resolution with the military defeat of the Shogunate in the Boshin war, and the installation of the Meiji restoration in 1868.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

source : d4.dion.ne.jp/~ponskp/bakumatsu

On the famous painting of the incident, you can see some normal Samurai without shoes.
It was winter and a rare snowfall of about 20 cm kept the rather unprotected palanquin bearers and accompanying samurai cold. So many of the 60 people in the procession, who were only hired for the job, did not protect Naosuke but just run away when they heard the shots.
(Some sources quote one shot, others quote two or more.)

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- - - - - H A I K U - - - - -

春寒料峭井伊直弼に手を合はす
shunkan ryooshoo Ii Naosuke ni te o awasu

very cold spring day -
I fold my hands
for Ii Naosuke

Kawasaki Tenkoo 川崎展宏 Kawasaki Tenko (1927 - 2009)

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鳥帰る桜田門を掃き終り
斉藤夏風

浮寝鳥桜田門の日向かな
瀧井孝作

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- Reference - Japanese 桜田門の変 -
- Reference - English sakuradamon-

. Introducing Japanese Haiku Poets .

- KAPPA 河童 water goblin - ABC-Index -
- - - #sakuradamon #iinaosuke #naosukeiihikone #hikone - - -
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. Famous Places and Powerspots of Edo .

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敷島の大和の国は言霊の助くる国ぞまさきくありこそ
Shikishima no Yamato no kuni wa kototama no tasukuru kuni zo asakiku ari koso

..... In the prefatory essay to the Kokin Wakashū compilation of poetry, Ki no Tsurayuki called him Uta no Hijiri— a divine poet equal to the Nara period poet Yamabe no Akahito, a high regard echoed by later poets such as Fujiwara no Teika. Ikeda Munemasa wrote Portrait of Hitomaro and His Waka Poem. Modern waka poets like Masaoka Shiki and Saito Mokichi considered him one of greatest poets in the history of Japanese literature.

In Masuda, Iwami Province in Shimane Prefecture, there are two Kakinomoto shrines, Takatsu Kakinomoto Shrine and Toda Kakinomoto Shrine. It is said that Kamoshima in Masuda is Hitomaro's death place and Toda is Hitomaro's birthplace. The priest of Toda Kakinomoto Shrine is Ayabe, and he is the 49th of Hitomaro's mother's line.

In Akashi, Hyōgo Prefecture there is Kakinomoto Jinja, a shrine devoted to Hitomaro. The shrine holds an annual utakai (waka party) devoted to him.
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !

かきのもと‐の‐ひとまろ - 柿本人麻呂

敷島の大和の国は言霊の助くる国ぞまさきくありこそ
My country, Shikishima, the country of Yamato, is a country to which kotodama has imparted
prosperity / good fortune. So I hope/pray that it comes to no harm.

The Question of Kotodama
- source : Peter Goldsbury
-

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Kakinomoto Jinja柿本神社 Shinto Shrine in Akashi, Hyogo
Hitomaru Jinja人丸神社 / Kakimoto Sha 柿本社
1-26 Hitomarucho, Akashi, Hyogo / 明石市人丸町1-26

This shrine was relocated to Mount Hitomaruyama in 1620 by 小笠原忠政　Ogawawara Tadamasa, Lord of Akashi, who was a great admirer of Kakinomoto.

on top of Mount Hitomaruyama 人丸山 Founded in 887.
Deity in residence : 柿本人麻呂朝臣
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

A shrine in his honor, with amulets and pottery figures :

okutopasu - オクトパス　- oku to pass - octopus
if you put it up there (on your desk) you pass the examination !

. Octopus (tako　蛸　/ たこ) .

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source : city.tatsuno.lg.jp/rekibun

Kakinomoto from Akashiyaki pottery明石焼
They were made for the shrine, but in a typoon in 1957, the kiln was destroyed.

. Hyogo Folk Art - 兵庫県　 .

天離る　夷の長通ゆ　恋ひ来れば
明石の門より　大和島見ゆ
amazakaru hina no nagachiyu koi kureba Akashi no to yori Yamatoshima miyu

Far away from the capital I come to Akashi Strait
longing for the capital, the Island of Yamato will be out of sight

In the compound of the shrine is a tree called 盲杖桜 "Blind Stick Cherry"
Once upon a time a blind person from Tsukishi, Fukuoka came here to pray for health, reciting the following words :

amulet for good health

ほのぼのと　まこと明石の　神なれば　我にも見せよ　人丸の塚
honobono to makoto Akashi no kami nareba ware ni miseyo Hitomaru no zuka

and was healed in an instant, leaving his walking stick, which turned into a cherry tree.

. Health Amulets 健康御守 kenkoo omamori .

- - - - - HP of the shrine
- source : kakinomoto-jinja.or.jp -

燈火の明石大門に入らむ日や漕ぎ別れなむ家のあたり見ず
tomoshibi no Akashi no ooto ni iramu hi ya kogiwakarenamu ie no atari mizu

Down into the straits
of Akashi, land of torchlight,
the sun will soon sink:
and I - mist I row away,
beyond sight of my home?

Traditional Japanese Poetry: An Anthology
Steven D. Carter
- source : google books - More poems by Kakinomoto -

人丸塚
More Shrines and places dedicated to Kakinomoto in Hyogo :
- reference source : cultural-experience.blogspot.jp -
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Toda Kakinomoto Shrine　戸田柿本神社
Hitomaro's birthplace
イ８５６戸田町益田市島根県

The priest of Toda Kakinomoto Shrine is from the 綾部家 Ayabe family, and he is the 49th of Hitomaro's mother's line.

- quote -
This shrine is dedicated to Kakinomoto Hitomaro who was a great Japanese poet in the Nara era, about 1300 years ago. It’s said that the shrine was originally built on Kamoshima Island near the mouth of Masuda River. But the shrine sank off the coast of Masuda due to a tsunami (big tidal wave) in 1026. Only the statue of Hitomaro floated to Matsuzaki and the shrine was rebuilt there.
Afterward in 1681, the shrine was moved and built in Takatsu by Koremasa Kamei who was lord of Tsuwano.
Hitomaro was born in Toda village. After he grew up, he went to Nara( the capital city on that time) and served as a court poet for three emperors: - Tenmu, Monbu and Jitoh.

He traveled various places, supporting these emperors and making many poems. About 450 of his poems were put in Manyoshu, a book of the oldest poems in Japan. When he was older, he came back to Masuda and died at Kamoshima in the year 724.
The successive emperors of the Edo era had dedicated many poems to this shrine.They are displayed in the treasury of this shrine.

On leaving his wife as he set out from Iwami for the capital:

Along the coast of Tsunu
On the sea of Iwami
One may find no sheltering bay,
One may find no sequestered lagoon.
O well if there be no bay!
O well if there be no lagoon!
Upon Watazu’s rocky strand,
Where I travel by the whale-haunted sea,
The wind blows in the morning,
And the waves wash at eve
The sleek sea-tangle and the ocean weed,
All limpid green.
Like the sea-tangle, swaying in the wave
Hither and thither, my wife would cling to me,
As she lay by my side.
Now I have left her, and journey on my way,
I look back a myriad times
At each turn of the road.
Father and father my home falls behind,
Steeper and steeper the mountains I have crossed.
My wife must be languishing
Like drooping summer grass.
I would see where she dwells ...
Bend down, O mountains!

- source : visit-masuda.main.jp/hitomaro -

- - - - - HP of the Shrine
万葉の時代から1300年、
その生誕秘話を今に語り継ぐ「語家 katarai」があった！
- source : hitomaro.com-

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Takatsu Kakinomoto Shrine 　高津柿本神社
Kamoshima in Masuda is Hitomaro's death place.
島根県益田市高津町上市イ−2616−1

高津柿本神社（たかつかきのもとじんじゃ）は、島根県益田市高津町に鎮座する旧県社。歌聖柿本人麿を祀る神社で、正式名称は柿本神社。柿本人麿を祀る柿本神社は日本各地に存在するが、その本社を主張している。鎮座地は丸山の東に張り出した尾根筋の鴨山（高角山）山頂に位置し、境内を含めた一帯は祭神にちなんで、昭和50年代から島根県立万葉公園として整備されている。
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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Fujisaki Hachimangu 藤崎八幡宮　Kumamoto, Kyushu
3-1 Igawabuchimachi, Chuo Ward, Kumamoto

- quote -
founded in 935 by the order of Emperor Suzaku.
Fujisaki Hachimangu was destroyed during the Seinan Rebellion of 1877 and rebuilt at its current location. Being a Hachiman Shrine, the main kami enshrined is Emperor Ojin, but as with most major shrines there are a multitude of secondary shrines within the grounds including Tenmangu, Susano, Onamuchi, and unusually Kakinomoto Hitomaro the famed 7th century poet. ...
- reference source : -

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CLICK for more statues of Hitomaro .

柿本人麻呂にまつわる全国の神社仏閣（まとめ）
(A long list of shrines in Japan in honor of Hitomaro.)
- source : cultural-experience.blogspot.jp -

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source : photozou.jp - 花兄さん

柿本人麻呂像 statue carved by Enku san !

. Welcome to Master Carver Enku 円空 ! .

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- - - - - H A I K U - - - - -

Hitomaru Ki 人丸忌 (ひとまるき) HITOMARU, Kakimoto Hitomaru
Hitomaru Ki 人麿忌（ひとまろき）
Hitomaru Matsuri 人丸祭（ひとまるまつり）

陰暦3月18日 third lunar month, 18th day
. WKD - Kigo for Spring .

小机にもたれ心や人丸忌
kozukue ni motare kokoro ya Hitomaru ki

松瀬青々　Matsuse Seisei (1869 - 1937)

Hitomaru and his "small desk" (kozukue 小机)

source : blog.goo.ne.jp/OTSUMITSU/e
柿本人麻呂像　松村景文筆　- Paintings of Kakinomoto

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人丸をまつると云へる机かな
尾崎迷堂

鳥の名の貝がらひろふ人丸忌
三田きえ子

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CLICK for more specialities !

Hitomaro was a truly "divine" Waka poet and is revered in many shrines in Japan, for various reasons.
. 柿本神社 Kakinomoto Shrines in Japan .
- Introduction -

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. Matsuo Basho in Akashi 松尾芭蕉 .

蛸壺やはかなき夢を夏の月
takotsubo ya hakanaki yume o natsu no tsuki

蝸牛角ふりわけよ須磨明石
katatsuburi tsuno furiwake yo Suma Akashi

足洗うてつひ明けやすき丸寝かな
ashi aroote tsui akeyasuki marune kana

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. Manyooshuu, Man'yōshū 万葉集 Manyoshu, Manyo'shu .
Collection of One Thousand Poems

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source : mfa.org/collections - William Sturgis Bigelow Collection

Poem by Kakinomoto Hitomaro: (Actor Iwai Kumesaburô III as) Matsuura Sayohime
from the series Comparisons for
Thirty-six Selected Poems (Mitate sanjûrokkasen no uchi)
「見立三十六歌撰之内　柿本人丸　松浦さよ姫」　三代目岩井粂三郎
by Utagawa Kunisada I (Toyokuni III) (Japanese, 1786–1864),

Honobono to Akashi no ura no asagiri ni shima kagureyuku fune o shizo omou
ほのぼのとあかしの浦の朝ぎりに島がくれゆく舟をしぞ思ふ

Faintly with the dawn
That glimmers on Akashi Bay,
In the morning mist
A boat goes hidden by the isle -
And my thoughts go after it.
Tr. Edwin A. Cranston

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. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .

Hyogo, Akashi 明石市
variations about the legend of a blind man getting healed at a Shrine in honor of Kakinomoto.

筑紫の盲人が柿本人麻呂を祭る柿本神社に行き、
「ほのゞとまこと明石の神ならば　我にも見せよ人丸の塚」
という短歌を詠んで祈り続けると、満願の日に視力が回復した。その時いつまでも栄えよと祈りを込めて挿したのを盲杖櫻という。

kame 亀 turtle
水戸の龜屋という穀物問屋の主が、眼病を患いついに失明してしまった。主はたまたま人丸塚の事を聞いて参篭し、不思議な夢を見た。大きな龜が主を乗せて、清水の側に下ろしたという夢で、実際に清水があったので、神のお告げと思い、その水で洗眼すると視力が回復した。

moojoozakura 盲杖櫻盲杖桜 "Blind Stick Cherry"
明石の人丸社に座頭が参詣して祈請したところ、眼が開いたので、不要になった杖を庭に挿した。翌春、その杖から芽吹き、花が咲き、桜の木になった。

- reference : nichibun yokai database -

CLICK for more dolls !
歌仙人形　百人一首　柿本人麻呂　

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- Reference - Japanese - 柿本人麻呂 -
- Reference - English -

Kakinomoto Hito Maro / Kakinomoto-no asomi Pitomaro
- reference -

- quote -
During the Yamato era, high ranking people had the term “Maro” attached to their names, (e.g. Kakinomoto Hito Maro, a 7th century poet, or “Abenonaka Maro”, an 8th century writer). Later on, the “Maro” became “Maru”. Both “Maro” and “Maru” are derived from the Aramaic word “Mar,” meaning “Lord,” “Sir” or “Saint.” The Church of South India, which was founded by the Apostle Thomas, is called the “Mar Thoma Church,” or “St. Thomas Church.” It is also of interest to note that “Mar” was also a title given to priests of the Eastern Church (Joseph, Jr., 2008).
- source : projectjapan.org-

. Introducing Japanese Haiku Poets .

- - - #kakinomoto #hitomaro #hitomaru - - -
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- quote
Ashikaga Takauji 足利尊氏
(1305 – June 7, 1358) was the founder and first shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate. His rule began in 1338, beginning the Muromachi period of Japan, and ended with his death in 1358. He was a descendant of the samurai of the (Minamoto) Seiwa Genji line (meaning they were descendants of Emperor Seiwa) who had settled in the Ashikaga area of Shimotsuke Province, in present day Tochigi Prefecture.

According to famous Zen master and intellectual Musō Soseki, who enjoyed his favor and collaborated with him, Takauji had three qualities.
- First, he kept his cool in battle and was not afraid of death.
- Second, he was merciful and tolerant.
- Third, he was very generous with those below him.

Takauji was a general of the Kamakura shogunate sent to Kyoto in 1333 to put down the Genkō War which had started in 1331.
After becoming increasingly disillusioned with the Kamakura shogunate over time, Takauji joined the banished Emperor GoDaigo II and Kusunoki Masashige, and seized Kyoto. Soon after, Nitta Yoshisada joined their cause, and laid siege to Kamakura. When the city fell to Nitta, the Shogunal regent, Hōjō Takatoki, and his clansmen committed suicide. This ended the Kamakura shogunate, as well as the Hōjō clan's power and influence.
GoDaigo was enthroned once more as emperor, reestablishing the primacy of the Imperial court in Kyoto and starting the so-called Kenmu Restoration.
- snip -
At the decisive Battle of Minatogawa in 1336, Takauji defeated Yoshisada again and killed Masashige, allowing him to seize Kyoto for good. Emperor Kōmyō of the illegitimate Northern Court (see below) was installed as emperor by Takauji in opposition to the exiled Southern Court, beginning the turbulent Northern and Southern Court period (Nanboku-chō), which saw two emperors fight each other and which would last for almost 60 more years.
Besides other honors,
Emperor GoDaigo II had given Takauji the title of Chinjufu Shogun　鎮守府将軍, or Commander-in-chief of the Defense of the North, and the courtly title of the Fourth Rank, Junior Grade.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

- - - - - His jisei 辞世 last poem

良し悪しと人をば言ひてたれもみなわが心をや知らぬならん

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南北朝の動乱を生きぬいた武将
柳川創造古城武司

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Emperor Go-Daigo, Godaigo (後醍醐天皇 Go-Daigo-tennō)
(November 26, 1288 – September 19, 1339) was the 96th emperor of Japan.
..... In 1333, Emperor Go-Daigo escaped from Oki with the help of Nawa Nagatoshi and his family, raising an army at Funagami Mountain in Hōki Province (the modern town of Kotoura in Tōhaku District, Tottori Prefecture). Ashikaga Takauji, who had been sent by the shogunate to find and destroy this army, sided with the emperor and captured the Rokuhara Tandai. .....
..... When Ashikaga's army entered Kyōto, Emperor Go-Daigo resisted, fleeing to Mount Hiei, but seeking reconciliation, he sent the imperial regalia to the Ashikaga side. Takauji enthroned the Jimyōin-tō emperor, Kōmyō, and officially began his shogunate with the enactment of the Kenmu Law Code ... Go-Daigo escaped from the capital in Jan. 1337, the regalia that he had handed over to the Ashikaga being counterfeit, and set up the Southern Court among the mountains of Yoshino, beginning the Period of Northern and Southern Courts in which the Northern Dynasty in Kyōto and the Southern Dynasty in Yoshino faced off against each other.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

. Kasagidera 笠置寺 Kasagi-Dera in Kyoto .
On August 27th in Genkou 1 ( the 1st year of Genkou, in 1331 ), Emperor Go Daigo 後醍醐天皇, who attempted to usurp power from the Kamakura shougunate but failed, escaped into Kasagi Dera. For about a month, these was a battle between Emperor Go Daigo and the Kamakura shougunate (Kasagiyama no Tatakai笠置山の戦い Siege of Mount Kasagiyama). At the end, Emperor Go Daigo lost and retreated to Yoshino Yama. Only the burnt ruins of Kasagi Dera remained.

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Tōji-In 等持院 Toji-In
dedicated to Ashikaga Takauji
and a Daruma

Reikō-den 霊光殿 and the famous
riun Jizo bosatsu, ri-un 利運地蔵菩薩
Jizo to win in battle
. Jizo Bosatsu (Kshitigarbha) 地蔵菩薩 .

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. Ashikaga Yoshimitsu足利義満 (1358 - 1408).
The third Ashikaga Shogun and the Higashiyama Culture in Kyoto

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Fudo Myo-O on the breast plate of the armour of Ashikaga Takauji
. yoroi Fudoo 鎧不動 Fudo Myo-O and armour .

. basara ばさら / 婆娑羅 / バサラ flamboyant elegance .
..... Basara activities were banned in the Kenmu Code, which was the fundamental code of laws for the shogunate established by Takauji Ashikaga in 1336.

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佐藤和彦 - 足利尊氏

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A homepage for Ashikaga Takauji

このホームページは教育現場からのご利用に配慮しております。
- source : www.ashikagatakauji.jp -

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- - - - - H A I K U - - - - -

. Matsuo Basho in Kanegasaki, Tsuruga .
The mystery background story
of the war bell at the bottom of the sea
..... The castle Kanegasakijoo 金崎城 / 鐘ヶ崎城 is the place where Nitta Yoshisada (1301 - 1338) fought against Ashikaga Takauji 足利尊氏 (1305 - 1358), who was trying to topple the government.

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尊氏の爪墓に啼く法師蝉
Takauji no tsumebaka ni naku hooshizemi

at the grave of
the nails of Takauji
a monk cicada is singing

西岡史代　Nishioka Fumiyo

This grave for his nails 尊氏の爪墓 is at the temple 安楽寺 Anraku-Ji, Nagahama, which was constructed on Takauji's orders at the time of his death.
- source : ameblo.jp/lani-lani-aroma-

CLICK for more photos !

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尊氏の血の流れゐる昼寝かな
龍岡晋 Tatsuoka Shin (1904 - 1983)

年酒一盞尊氏と酌む陣揃ひ
田中水桜 Tanaka Suioo

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This famous portrait is most probably not Takauji himself, but his brother Tadayoshi　足利直義.

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. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .

gunjin kago 軍神加護 divine protection by the God of War
Takauji tried everything to win a battle. Before he had to fight 楠木正成 Kusunoki Masashige and 新田義貞 Nitta Yoshisada he prayed at the Munakata Shrine in Buzen (now Fukuoka) and asked for winning.
Nitta was a great general too, but he lost because he did not make offerings to a deity.

His problemwith Godaigo Tenno後醍醐天皇
After he fought Godaigo Tenno and founded the 足利幕府 Ashikaga Bakufu government, there were many rumous that the vengeful spirit of Godaigo would now cause trouble for the land. Since the spirit could not be consoled by a human, Takauji had the temple 天龍寺 Tenryu-Ji offer prayers for the sould and finally things calmed down.
『太平記』巻２５「天龍寺事」 - as written in the Taiheiki, Volume 25.

His relation with the Tengu天狗
天狗の階級、種類、名前、登場する記録を列挙。南北朝時代には天狗評定、天狗集会で天下の動乱を画策し、足利尊氏一族に内紛が起きたという。（太平記に記載）

yahiroi Jizo 矢拾いの地蔵 Jizo to pick up the arrows
“Shōgun Ashikaga Takauji足利尊氏, a fervent Jizō devotee, drew a picture of Jizō and worshipped it daily."
"Jōkōmyōji Temple 浄光明寺 in Kamakura houses a statue of Jizō called the Yahiroi Jizō 矢拾い地蔵, literally Arrow-Gathering Jizō. According to legend, Yahiroi Jizō appeared as a child-monk on the battlefield to save Ashikaga Tadayoshi 足利直義 (1306-52), the younger brother of Ashikaga Takauji, by gathering arrows after Tadayoshi had run out of weapons."
. Shogun Jizo 勝軍地蔵 Victorious Jizo .

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- reference : nichibun yokai database -

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Kabuki - Shinrei Yaguchi no Watashi
The play "Shinrei Yaguchi no Watashi" was originally written for the puppet theater (Bunraku) and staged in the 1st lunar month of 1770 in Edo at the Gekiza. It was adapted to Kabuki many years later and staged for the first time in the 8th lunar month of 1794 at the Kiriza.

- Summary
During the reign of the Emperor Godaigo, the wicked Ashikaga Takauji attempted to dethrone the Emperor and set up a pretender in his place. A great battle was fought on the Plain of Musashino, near what later became Edo. The commander of the Imperial army was Nitta Yoshioki, a famous soldier. He and his troops fought courageously, but were defeated through the treachery of a man whom Yoshioki believed to be his friend. Yoshioki himself was murdered by this same false friend at Yaguchi, where a ferry crossed the Tama River.
- source : www.kabuki21.com/yaguchi_no_watashi -

. 新田義貞 Nitta Yoshisada (1301 - 1338) .

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- Reference - 足利尊氏 -
- Reference - English -

- - - #ashikagatakauji #takauji #godaigo - - -
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Takauji 尊氏せんべい　Senbei rice crackers

Takauji monaka 最中 waffles with his kao花押 signature　

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- quote
..... a Sengoku period daimyo in Japan.
He was the 21st chief of the Chōsokabe clan of Tosa Province (present-day Kōchi Prefecture). He was the son and heir of Chōsokabe Kunichika and his mother was a daughter of the Saitō clan of Mino Province.
In the 1562 Battle of Asakura 朝倉
Chosakabe Motochika defeated Motoyama Shigetoki and gained control of Shikoku Island. He then went on to take Aki Castle in the 1569 Siege of Aki.
In 1575,
Motochika was victorious at the Battle of Watarigawa　渡川, gaining control of Tosa Province. Over the ensuing decade, he extended his power to all of Shikoku. However, in 1585, Hashiba (later Toyotomi) Hideyoshi invaded that island with a force of 100,000 men, led by Ukita Hideie, Kobayakawa Takakage, Kikkawa Motonaga, Hashiba Hidenaga, and Hashiba Hidetsugu. Motochika surrendered, and forfeited Awa, Sanuki, and Iyo Provinces; Hideyoshi permitted him to retain Tosa.
Under Hideyoshi,
Motochika and his son Nobuchika participated in the invasion of neighboring Kyūshū, in which Nobuchika died. In 1590, Motochika led a fleet in the Siege of Odawara, and also fought in the Japanese invasions of Korea in 1592.
Motochika died in 1599
at age 61 at his mansion in Fushimi. His successor was Chōsokabe Morichika.
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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Daimyô of the Chosokabe family and eventual vassal to Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Motochika rose to rule Tosa and, for a short time, the whole of Shikoku. The Chosokabe were respected Jito (deputy administrators) of Tosa from the 12th century and entered the 16th Century as vassals of the Ichijô Clan, who were based in western Tosa.
- snip -
Unification of Shikoku

Following his conquest of Tosa, Motochika turned north and prepared for an invasion of Iyo. The lord of that province was Kôno Michinao, a daimyo who had once been driven from his domain by the Utsunomiya clan, returning only with the assistance of the powerful Môri. It was unlikely that Kôno could count on that sort of help again, however-presently the Môri were embroiled in a war with Oda Nobunaga. Nonetheless, Chosokabe's campaign in Iyo did not go off without a hitch. In 1579, a 7,000-man Chosokabe army, commanded by Hisatake Chikanobu, attacked the strongest fortress in Southern Iyo, Okayama castle, held by Doi Kiyoyoshi. During the ensuing siege of Okayama castle, Chikanobu was shot and killed by an arquebus and his army defeated, though the loss proved little more than an unfortunate delay. The next year, Motochika led some 30,000 men into Iyo, and forced Kôno to flee to Bungo province. With little interference from either the Môri or the Ôtomo, Chosokabe was free to press onwards, and in 1582 he stepped up ongoing raids into Awa and defeated the Sogo clan. By 1583, Chosokabe troops had subdued both Awa and Sanuki, making Motochika's dream of ruling all of Shikoku a reality.
Sometime around 1579,
Motochika entered into communication with Nobunaga, whom he fancied an ally. For his part, Nobunaga appears to have humored Motochika, though in private he referred to him as 'a bat on a birdless island' and planned to take Shikoku at some point (in fact naming his son Nobutada commander of the future invasion). This was averted by Nobunaga's death in 1582, and Motochika, whether he was aware of it or not, was given a new lease on life. By now he was something of a national power and became involved in the struggle between Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu the following year. He promised the latter support, though made no direct moves to that end. Hideyoshi, to make sure, sent Sengoku Hidehisa (1551-1614) to block any efforts on Motochika's part, though these troops seem to have been roughly treated by the Lord of Shikoku upon arrival on the island. The so-called Komaki Campaign between Hideyoshi and Ieyasu ended in a peace treaty, which bode ill for Chosokabe.
In May 1584 Hideyoshi ordered a full-scale invasion of Shikoku, spear headed by 30,000 troops from the Môri clan and 60,000 more under Hashiba Hidenaga. Evidently, the late Nobunaga's assessment of the Chosokabe was accurate enough, for the invaders found a small army with such equipment as was available in poor condition. After desultory resistance, Motochika expressed a desire to negotiate. Hideyoshi's terms were generous. Motochika would get to keep his head and his hard-earned province of Tosa, an offer Motochika did not feel inclined to refuse.
- snip -
Leadership
In addition to his leadership, Motochika is remembered for his 100-Article Code of the Chosokabe and his struggle to found an economically strong castle town, moving in the course of his career from Oko to Otazaka and on to Urado.
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The Chosokabe were served by the Kosokabe, Kira (both of whom were led in Motochika's time by his brothers), Yoshida, Kumu, Kagawa (into which Motochika adopted a son, Chikakazu), Yumioka, and others.
- source : wiki.samurai-archives.com-

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Chōsokabe Nobuchika 長宗我部信親 Chosokabe Nobuchika
(1565 – January 1, 1587)
was the eldest son of samurai lord Chōsokabe Motochika, and lived during the late Sengoku Period of Japanese history. After the subjugation of Shikoku by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Nobuchika and his father followed the Toyotomi into Kyushu. Nobuchika was caught in an ambush during the campaign against the Shimazu in Battle of Hetsugigawa　戸次川の戦い and died.
- reference source : -

- quote -
Chosokabe Nobuchika
Nobuchika was Chôsokabe Motochika's eldest and favorite son, and was popular with the Chôsokabe retainers owing to his warm and genial nature. His coming of age ceremony coincided with Motochika's communications with Oda Nobunaga, who provided the 'nobu' in Nobuchika's name, along with a sword and his ceremonial headgear. He was struck down in the retreat from the defeat at Hetsugigawa, on 1/20/1587.
The Shimazu honored Motochika by sending the body of his son to him and allowing him to flee to Shikoku. Nobuchika's death was lamented by the Chôsokabe, and especially Motochika, who had now to chose a successor. His decision to name Morichika as his heir would create deep rifts within the clan that contributed to its ultimate fall. - source : wiki.samurai-archives.com -

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. shichinin misaki 七人ミサキ "Misaki of seven people" .
a group of persons who died in an accident or in unnatural circumstances
- Introduction -

..... the most well-known is the ballad of the vengeful spirit of the Sengoku military commander of Tosa Province (now Kochi Prefecture), 吉良親実 Kira Chikazane, told about in classics like the "Rooho Kidan" (老圃奇談) and the "Shin'i Kaii Kidan" (神威怪異奇談).

- - - - - At 吉良神社 Kira Jinja
During the Azuchi–Momoyama period, after the death of the 長宗我部元親 Chōsokabe Nobuchika, the eldest son of Kira Chikazane's uncle Chōsokabe Motochika, since he opposed Motochika in supporting Chōsokabe Morichika as the successor, he was ordered to commit seppuku. At that time, several vassals also followed suicide (and thus 7 people in total), but afterwards, various strange events started happening at their graves, and the vengeful spirits of Chikazane and the rest were feared as the shichinin misaki. Motochika, who heard of this, held a memorial for them, but there was no effect, and in order to pacify the vengeful spirits, Kizuka Myojin (木塚明神) was deified at the gravesite of 西分村 Nishibun Village, 益井 Masui (now Kōchi). This is the currently existing Kira Shrine.

Also, according to the "Doyooiken Kidan" (土陽陰見奇談) and the 神威怪異奇談 "Shin'i Kaii Kidan,"比江山親興 Hieyama Chikaoki, who also opposed Motochika along with Chikazane, was also made to commit seppuku, and all 6 of his wife and children were also given the death penalty, and it is said that the total of 7 people became
the 比江村七人ミサキ Hie Village shichinin misaki.

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Kira Jinja 吉良神社 Kira Shrine
高知県高知市山ノ端町 - Kochi, Yamanohana
in the precincts of Shrine 若一王子宮.

Deity in residence is
Kira Chikazane吉良親実
(1563 - 1598 ?1588)
a Chosokabe retainer

- quote -
Chikazane was a son of Kira Chikasada and a nephew of Chosokabe Motochika.
He was married to a cousin, the daughter of Chosokabe Motochika. He showed much promise from an early age but was hot-tempered and combative. In 1586 he protested the demands placed on him as part of the building of Toyotomi Hideyoshi's Great Buddha (which called for lumber from Tosa).
When Chosokabe Nobuchika was killed (1587), Motochika named his 4th son Chosokabe Morichika as his heir. Chikazane protested this decision and demanded that Kagawa Chikazane be chosen instead. He had by this time made enemies with Hisatake Chikanao, a leading Chosokabe retainer, and this most probably worked against him. Motochika responded to his vocal complaints by having him placed under confinement.
Chikazane was then ordered to commit suicide.
- source : wiki.samurai-archives.com -

Kubiarai hachi 首洗い鉢 basin for washing the head
of Chikazane, who committed suicide and his seven retainers followed him.
- See the story above.

- reference : japanmystery.com/koti -

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. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .

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Ehime東宇和郡

Kappa河童 and Utsunomiya Masatsuna宇都宮正綱

. Utsunomiya Masatsuna and Kappa at Wakamiya Jinja .
Wakamiya Jinja 若宮神社 - The shrine is dedicated to Masatsuna (1447 - 1477).

- - - - - and a haiku

ike harete yamamizu samushi yuki no kage

Soogi, Sogi (Sōgi Jinensai hokku 1519)
Utsunomiya Masatsuna: head of the Utsunomiya house, based in the city of that name in Shimotsuke Province (modernday Tochigi Prefecture) ...

Come summer, pond water will be stagnant and murky, but a fresh infusion of snowmelt from the mountains makes it clear enough to reflect snow of the peaks.

Haiku Before Haiku: From the Renga Masters to Basho
By Steven D. Carter
- source : books.google.co.jp -

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Kagawa香川県三豊郡詫間町

shirikiri uma しりきり馬
choonaisan チョウナイサン, a five-tired stone monoumet
a man called Akiyama Chonai 秋山チョウナイという人物
チョウナイサンという五輪が祀られている。これは元亀・元正の頃に長宗我部元親に追われた秋山チョウナイという人物が土着した。その屋敷跡に祠を祀ったものである。今でもチョウナイが乗ってきたしりきり馬が夜に歩き回るという。
.
チョウナイサンという五輪が祀られている。これは元亀・元正の頃に長宗我部元親に追われた秋山チョウナイという人物が土着した。その屋敷跡に祠を祀ったものである。昔、法事のときに膳椀が無いのでこれにお願いした、すると、翌日には揃っていたという。

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Kochi 高知県幡多郡大月町

When the eldest son of 長宗我部元親 Chōsokabe Nobuchika was killed in the war against the Shimazu clan 島津征伐, his second and third son begun to fight for the right to the family head (which was usually the eldest son). The second son and seven of his followers got killed. These seven could not go to heaven and became a storm, later to be venerated as Seven Misaki.

. shichinin misaki 七人ミサキ "Misaki of seven people" .

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- reference : nichibun yokai database -

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- Reference - 長宗我部元親 -
- Reference - Chosokabe Motochika -

. Introducing Japanese Haiku Poets .

- - - #chosokabenobuchika #nobuchika - - -
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Furuyama Moromasa

Nitta Yoshioki

Hidari Jingoro Carpenter

Sendai Shiro

Welcome ! Willkommen !

Shibukawa Shunkai Harumi

Ino Tadataka

Oguri Hangan

Matsudaira Uneme

Imagawa Yoshimoto

Hozan Tankai

Ushiwakamaru Yoshitsune

Hitachibo Kaison

Manase Dosan Doctor

Nakae Toju

Kani Saizo

Ii Naosuke Sakuradamon

Kakinomoto Hitomaro

Ashikaga Takauji and Godaigo

Chosokabe Motochika